1. Chapter 1
A Continent of Villages

2. In 1492 Columbus… Vikings in the 11th Century
Zheng He and China
Zheng He
Columbus

3. BERINGIA
Migration Routes from Asia to America During the Ice Age, Asia and North America were joined where the Bering Straits are today, forming a migration route for hunting peoples. Either by boat along the coast, or through a narrow corridor between the huge northern glaciers, these migrants began making their way to the heartland of the continent as much as 30,000 years ago.

4. Pre-Columbian time period.
First Americans came from Asia (Three migrations from Asia beginning about 30,000 years ago)
Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age
Following a food source
Gradual migration

5. Early Human Migrations

6. CLOVIS TECHNOLOGY

7. GLOBAL WARMING CHANGES CLIMATE& GEOGRAPHY 15,000 YEARS AGO!

8. GEOGRAPHY = SOCIAL
ECONOMIC
POLITICAL EXISTENCE

9. When, in 1927, archaeologists at Folsom, New Mexico, uncovered this dramatic example of a projectile point embedded in the ribs of a long-extinct species of bison, it was the first proof that Indians had been in North America for many thousands of years.

10. Geography tied to social, economic, political habits
Great Plains (west)
Hunting Bison
Folsom Tech
Trapping Animals
Required cooperation of community
Navaho, Apache, Intuits (Eskimos)
Great Basin (desert)
Utah, Nevada
Pursuit of small game, foraging for plant foods
Emphasized gift-giving
Small annually migrating communities
East of Miss. (forest efficiency)
Hunted small game
Burned woodlands to stimulate plant growth & create meadows to attract animals
Permanent communities
Gender roles evident

11. Existing N. American cultures were not “primitive”
Were underestimated by contemporaries and historians
Vast trade networks – trails or roads?
Socialization – values, traditions, kinship bonds
Specialization – tasks based on division of labor
Political – diplomacy, rules of war
Cultural – art, music, oral history
Cahokia (Mississippian – mid-1200’s)
Anasazis (SW farming culture – 1st century CE)

13. The Development of Farming 5,000 years ago
Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex, a book prepared a few years after the Spanish conquest. The peoples of Mesoamerica developed a greater variety of cultivated crops than those found in any other region in the world, and their agricultural productivity helped sustain one of the world’s great civilizations.
SOURCE:American Museum of Natural History.
FARMING = Settled Communities & Social Complexity

15. Cahokia

16. Monumental public works like these the Mississippian people.
The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, the shape of an uncoiling snake more than 1,300 feet long, is the largest effigy earthwork in the world.
Monumental public works like these the Mississippian people.
SOURCE:Photo by George Gerster.Comstock Images.

17. The City of Cahokia, with a population of more than 30,000, was the center of a farming society that arose on the Mississippi bottomlands near present-day St. Louis in the tenth century CE.

18. Cahokia

19. Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in southwest Colorado, was created 900 years ago when the Anasazis left the mesa tops and moved into more secure and inaccessible cliff dwellings.

20. The New Queen Being Taken to the King, engraved by Theodor de Bry in the sixteenth century from a drawing by Jacques le Moyne, an early French colonist of Florida.

21. 350+ native societies when Europeans arrived
7-10 million people
Clovis tradition (N. Mex) demonstrated Indians there 12,000 yrs. Ago
Montana to Mexico, Nova Scotia to Arizona
Indians were VERY diverse (range of unique regional cultures & differences w/in regions)
Migration from Asia on NW land passage across Bering Straits (25,000-30,000 yrs. ago)

22. James Fraser’s “The End of the Trail” (1915), a monumental sculpture created for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.
John Vanderlyn’s “The Death of Jane McCrea” (1804) depicted an incident of the Revolution, the murder and scalping of a Patriot woman by warriors fighting with the British.

23. Chapter 2
When Worlds Collide

24. Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

25. Europe on the Eve of Contact
Feudalism/Hierarchy
Catholic Church/Anti-Semitism
Famine/ Disease/ Black Death/ Violence
Crusades
Renaissance/ Technology
Protestant Reformation

26. A French peasant labors in the field before a spectacular castle in a page taken from the illuminated manuscript Tres Riches Heures, made in the fifteenth century for the duc de Berry. In 1580 the essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who “noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty” and “found it strange that these poverty-stricken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses.”
SOURCE:Photograph by Giraudon,Art Resource,N.Y.

27. Causes of European Exploration
Merchants & New Monarchs (Commercial Revolution) = capital
Centralized Governments
Renaissance>inventions from Asia (compass, gunpowder, movable type) + humanism > drive to explore + knowledge of eastern riches
Protestant Reformation
Land Scarcity
Capture of Constantinople in 1453 by Ottoman Turks

29. EUROPEAN MOVEMENT ONTO INDIAN LAND

30. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

31. New Weapons Technology

32. Explorers Sailing For Portugal
Portugal – took lead in 15th C exploration caravel (faster vessel)
Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa
Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope
da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India
Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal

33. The 3 motives reinforce each other
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other

34. Columbus’ Four Voyages

35. Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough

36. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

37. European Colonization
Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….
Spain
England
France
Portugal
This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

38. F/I War 1750

39. Spanish Frontier of (forced) Inclusion
Marched across Caribbean islands (1492+)
Gold & riches
Botolome de la Casas – Span Catholic Priest – wrote Destruction of the Indies (1552)
Why destroyed? – not war, rather starvation, disease (small pox, measles, malaria, typhoid), lower birthrate
Height of Spanish Power = 16th century

40. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
Missionaries
European Colonial Empire
Permanent Settlers

41. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Spanish ancestory
Creoles Spanish and Black mixture.
Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture
Mulattos White American and Black mixture
Black Slaves
Native Indians

42. First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in and took control of modern day Mexico.
vs.
Hernando Cortés
Montezuma II

43. The Death of Montezuma II

44. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

45. First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

46. This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex.

47. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.
Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.
Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.
New Laws --> 1542

48. Conquest not colonization
The Destruction of the Indies
Conquest not colonization
The Cruelties Used by the Spaniards on the Indians, from a 1599 English edition of The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. These scenes were copied from a series of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that accompanied an earlier edition. SOURCE:British Library.

49. Changing of the Guard
Spain (15th-16th century) – gold & later planting sugar & enslaved Indians
Ex. Cortez (Mex ), Pizarro (Peru )
17th C – Spanish civ. in New World declines by 1600 due to overworked land & Indian labor force dying off from disease
Defeat of Spanish Armada by English (1588) destroys Spanish monopoly on New World
Positive legacy? – frontier of inclusion = mixing between male colonists & native women

50. The French
French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada
Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America
Develop a fur trade
Couier do Bois
Frontier of Inclusion

51. The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River in
Florida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that the
Timucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of slaves.
SOURCE:Colored engraving,1591,by Theodor de Bry after a now lost drawing by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues;The Granger Collection.

52. European Colonization
The Dutch
Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements
Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River
New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system
Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons- Frontier of Inclusion

53. Protestant Reformation
1517 – Martin Luther
Calvin – few predestined for heaven
Challenged dominance of Catholic Church
King Henry VIII couldn’t get annulment of marriage from Catherine from Pope
Formed Church of England & forged alliance with wealthy merchant class
Queen Elizabeth more moderate but periods of persecution during the 17th century push English Protestants to New World

54. The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in The queen places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising seapower of England. Through the open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine intervention. SOURCE:Elizabeth I ,Armada portrait,ca.1588 (oil on panel),by English School.Private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library International,Ltd.

55. English Motives Economic Religious Strategic
Enclosure movement led to dislocation of farmers
Indian markets for British goods – grow tropical products
Religious
Anglican Church (Church of England) – Protestants flee
Strategic
Bases to raid Spanish in Caribbean

56. English Began by Plundering & Privateering
Sir Francis Drake (1567)
“Sea Dogs”
Focused on settling mid-latitudes
Roanoke, VA “The Lost Colony”( ) – Walter Raleigh
English v Algonquin
Sir Walter Raleigh hoped to find fur for sale, develop plantations and find gold & silver, privateering
Wanted Indians as labors – Indians resisted – by 1590 all colonists gone
Where’s Greenville?
“Croatoan?”

57. Roanoke Island

58. VA Jamestown 1607 VA Company
Powhatan Confederacy – expel Europeans or exploit them?
John Smith
Winter – tastes like chicken > 400 of 40 starve
Brutal warfare until 1613 – Pocahontas

59. Intercontinental Exchange

60. Intercontinental Exchange (Cultural Diffusion)
From New World to Old: gold, silver, corn potatoes, beans, chocolate, cotton, tobacco
From From Old to New: horses, cows, pigs, disease, manufactured goods
From Old World to Africa: guns, beer, cloth, iron
From Africa to New World: enslaved persons

61. FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations.
SOURCE:Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington,DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.

62. FIGURE 2.2 The African, Indian, and European Populations of the Americas In the 500 years since the European invasion of the Americas, the population has included varying proportions of Native American, European, and African peoples, as well as large numbers of persons of mixed ancestry. SOURCE:Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones,Atlas of World Population History (New York:Penguin,1978),280.