1. Returns to Education

2. Background: Individual’s Perspective Education is an important decision for many people – Higher levels of education can increase income streams – Higher educational attainment could also reduce the likelihood of unemployment – Higher levels of education are also associated with higher levels of health status

4. Background: Government’s Perspective Government’s also face a decision about whether it should allocate more resources to education as well as which part of the education sector (e.g., primary/elementary, secondary, post-secondary).

5. Two Perspectives Government – How to allocate scarce resources to education and within the education, which segment? Individual – How to pick an education level to maximize lifetime earnings?

6. How would the government or individual make their decisions about education? – Can view these decisions as investment decisions, so pick a “project” that has the highest return. – Calculate the rate of return (internal rate of return) that makes the present value of net benefits of schooling zero

8. Costs of Education: – Direct Costs: Tution Books – Indirect Costs Lost wages Benefits of Education: – Level of earnings associated with a particular level of schooling Might also include health, but we’ll focus on earnings as a measure of benefits

9. Costs – Need to distinguish between the private and social cost Private costs will not reflect the total costs for an individual because the government subsidizes education in Canada; the private share of costs of education does increase as level of education increases (e.g., university education requires tuition, but high school and elementary education does not) For lower levels of educations, private costs are about 0, since government subsidizes education (e.g., no tuition or text book expenses) – Costs measure the resource costs required by the economy to produce a given level of education

10. Examples of Costs of Education Tuition fees are much lower in 1985-86 then they are today. Textbooks were a lot cheaper then too. Public costs exceed private costs Public costs for graduate degrees are also highest

11. Examples of Rates of Return to Education Social rates of return tend to be about 3 percentage points smaller than the private rates of return. – This reflects differences in private and social costs of education – Suggests that individuals may overinvest in education because they don’t take into account the social costs

12. Examples of Rates of Return: Public vs Private Rates of return by level education. – Highest rates of return are for secondary (high school), which suggests policies that reduce dropouts (e.g., compulsory schooling) could be quite important. – Can have some negative rates of return; e.g. the Ph.D.; might get an overinvestment in PhDs, some students would be better off stopping with the master’s degree (would increase return to a PhD)

13. By major, can see highest rates of return tend to be for Commerce, Engineering and Health Degree (doctors and dentists); reflect higher wages that individuals earn in these fields.