1. Fault-Tolerant design of RF front-end circuits P.R. Mukund, Ph.D. Gleason Professor of Electrical Engineering Director, RF/Analog/Mixed-signal Lab (RAMLAB) Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, NY 14623

2. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end CircuitryFunding Henning Braunisch Industry Liaisons Hosam Haggag Ronald McBean (Motorola) This work was funded by the Semiconductor Research Corporation

3. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end CircuitryMotivation SoC, SiP implementations High levels of integration  Complex interaction between RF, analog, & digital domains Heightened sensitivity to package parasitics, wide tolerances CHIPCARRIER RF Design MEMS Digital Logic Horizontal Floor Planning RF Modules Digital Modules Passives Mutual-coupling, electro-magnetic coupling, stray inductances Gap between models and silicon Several design iterations, higher costs and lower yield for RFICs

4. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Need for Fault-tolerance in RF circuits RF Design Si Die Probes RF Testing Complex behavioral, modeling and fabrication problems  More faults and higher variations Poor, unpredictable Q-factors Post fabrication processing is needed Analog/Digital techniques not relevant for RF circuits Novel fault-tolerance techniques for RF required ! Testing is expensive (ATE)  Very act of probing affects performance  Access to RF core difficult Yield of RFICs 10%-12% less than digital ASICs

5. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end CircuitryBackground Self-test solutions with high overheads  Computation, real-estate, DSP, power ATE testing very expensive (40% of chip cost) Fault-tolerance in digital circuits  Reconfigurability and redundancy  Huge real-estate and power overheads for RF Fault-tolerance in analog circuits  Feedback mechanisms  Not practical for HF circuits Parametric fault-modeling for analog circuits High Cost $$ 010010101000 010101001000 111001000011 000010101000 010101011111 Use of DSPs Time Intensive Can detect but not correct faults Limitations No Prior art for fault-tolerant RF design

6. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Inductor Library Design Methodologies Early Design Software – ‘DREAM’ 2D and 3D Analysis for Power Distribution Analysis Phase Noise Analysis for VCO & Sideband Analysis for Mixer RF Digital Pin Placement Power Distribution Mixed Signal Analysis A/D and Op-Amp Analysis Inductor Modeling and Characterization Inductor Libraries for RF Design Vertically Integrated Designs (Si on Si) Passive Characterization Novel Design Techniques Vertical Integration RF Design MEMS Digital Logic Horizontal Floor Planning RF Modules Digital Modules Summary of Prior Work

7. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Prior BIST Architecture TASKS Development of an accurate and non-intrusive current monitor Fault modeling of 3D Stacked RF circuits Analyzing and quantifying various factors leading to performance degradation Development of current signatures - Mapping circuit performance to supply current. Integrating information into a BIST architecture Dr P.R.Mukund, RF / Analog / Mixed Signal Lab Proposed BIST Architecture

8. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Feedback for RF circuits? Alternative An approach that overcomes these roadblocks, yet retains its usability √ Why feedback will not work Stability issues @ GHz: Mutual coupling, Ground loops, Metal trace parasitics Feedback Re-design of circuit ! Very little gain available for trade-off Transformers, inductors, etc., have wide tolerances

9. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry This work…. Alternative fault-tolerance methods for RF circuits  Overcome limitations of traditional feedback Emphasis on low overhead, minimally intrusive, low-cost solutions Robust circuitry/algorithms for error-free operation Low-frequency/DC post-processing No DSP/off-chip processing, ultra-fast

10. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Methodology: ‘Locked loop’ concept Start with nominal design Sense current with minimally intrusive element Amplify sensed current Down- convert signal to baseband Map signal to performance metric Generate baseband/digital signal to modify design parameters Dynamically modify design parameters in RF circuit Performan ce metric ok? NO YES End Calibration process RF CIRCUIT Sense AmplifierPeak Detector Baseband Signal Processing Specification based correction

11. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry ‘Locked Loop’ approach To sense a signal which is indicative of the performance metric of the circuit Four fold approach Sense Quantify Self-corrective signal Tapped coil A mechanism in the circuit which can adaptively change its performance in real time based on the above signal. Use this information to send a signal back to the circuit where the metric can be re- corrected towards the desired value To process this signal appropriately into a form which quantitatively describes the metric

12. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Minimally Intrusive Sensing Current sensing: HF transient current has performance info  S 21 & S 22 degraded  No effect on S 11  S 22 & S 21 degraded  Resistor in return path! Small value  S 22 & S 21 unaffected  S 11 degraded  Regain by co-design!  NF marginally  Dynamic range marginally √

13. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Non-intrusive sensing Eliminate resistor for circuits with source-degenerative coils  No measurable intrusion on LNA performance  Over a narrow-frequency range, the source-coil can provide similar current-information as the resistor Gain and S 22 sensed from source coil of mixer: accounts for matching network

14. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Quantifying Specifications Gain sensed directly at mixer, using a third tone. Peak-peak value of this signal is a direct measure of gain Two-tonal approach to quantify impedance matching Differential nature removes dependence on absolute values Highly robust and insensitive to process variations and soft faults in processing circuitry itself

15. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Variable S 11 : The tapped coil  Varies match frequency  Tap the coil at several points in outer turn  CMOS Switches  Include switch and interconnect parasitics Dependence of gain, etc. on g m Magnitude of match Varactor cannot be connected in series  Digitally tapped gate inductor  ASITIC – Include all interconnects  Switch size: trade- off between on- resistance and capacitance

16. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Variable Gain and S 22 S 22 : Bank of varactors at output node Gain: Variable Transconductance array ‘Current-splitting’ variable transconductance array eliminates S 11 dependency: C GS remains constant on input-side

17. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Self-correction algorithm V IDEAL Minimal overheads  No DSP, ADC or analog memory cell requirements, low power Ultra-fast, Low cost

18. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Sensor chain Source follower for isolation More stages for higher gain PD output stored on capacitors Op-amps for buffers, comparators Basic digital logic SF Cascaded CS Stages Peak Detector

19. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Results - Sensor chain Spectral response of sensor chain Tap no.sensor chain o/p for tone1(1.6GHZ) sensor chain o/p for tone2(2.2GHZ) 11098.54 mV1391.57 mV 21112.85 mV1375.63 mV 31128.67 mV1365.23 mV 41150.61 mV1356.95 mV 51166.88 mV1355.01 mV Output of Sensor Chain for all taps of Lg Charge leakage is negligible due to the presence of buffers 0.4 mV charge leakage for 1V 1000mv 999.6mv Transfer characteristic of the sensor chain. The sensor chain delivered a gain of 9.4 at room temperature, nominal process.

20. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Simulation results - LNA Desired S 11 S 11 before correctio n S 11 after correction C GS reduction by 15% Desired S 11 S 11 before correction S 11 after correction L G increase by 10% Time taken per tap:1.75 μs, per cycle: 6.2 μs, Total: 18.7 μs. Worst-case scenario: all five cycles, 21.75 μs Desired S 11 S 11 before correction S 11 after correction Weakest corner

21. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Experimental Results (1) Less than 10% of LNA area  Re-used for other front-end circuits Turned on only during correction process S 11 : -23 dB Spectral response

22. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Experimental Results (2) Tapped Coil performance S11 magnitude stayed below -20 dB for all taps Match frequencies were: 1.737 GHz, 1.925 GHz, 2.03 GHz and 2.125 GHz. Measured transfer curve of the sensor chain Tap no. Induct ance Simulate d S 11 freq Digital word Measured S 11 freq 17.4 nH1.7 GHz001.7375 GHz 29 nH1.91 GHz011.925 GHz 310 nH2.0 GHz102.03 GHz 411 nH2.11 GHz112.125 GHz

23. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry S22 and Gain correction (I) Left: Gain and S22 match varies as the load inductor value varies Right: Output of sensor chain quantifying this variation Left: S 22 curves as varactor Bank is varied Right: Output spectrum of Sensor for these S22 curves

24. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry S22 and Gain Correction (II) Self-calibration of S22: Before (1.81 Ghz) and After (1.89 GHz), for a 1.9 GHz LNA Left: Variation in the magnitude of Gain (due to Q-factor variation of the load coil) Right: This Variation quantified by sensor

25. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end CircuitryOverheads Same circuitry re-used for all specifications  Area overhead less than 10% of cascode LNA  Can be re-used for other circuits of Front-end Losses in switches of the gate-coil  NF degradation by 0.2 - 0.3 dB Power overheads  Additional circuitry switched on only for duration of self- calibration – negligible power overhead  Current-splitting transconductance array uses additional current (5% - 10% overhead)

26. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end CircuitrySummary Fault-tolerant RF design has great relevance and applicability in an RFIC world of increasing complexity and massive integration Alternate, novel methodology for fault-tolerance in GHz domain Minimal overheads, no topological revision Ultra-fast (200 us) compared to existing test schemes (order of 100s of ms) Robust algorithms and post-processing techniques Demonstrated in silicon

27. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Publications(1) Journal Papers Tejasvi Das, Anand Gopalan, Clyde Washburn and P.R. Mukund, “Self-calibration of RF front end circuitry”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Dec 2005 Tejasvi Das, Anand Gopalan, Clyde Washburn and P.R. Mukund, “Towards Fault- tolerant RF front-ends”, Journal of Electronic Testing (JETTA), Accepted for publication (Issue release Sep.06) Anand Gopalan, M. Margala and P.R. Mukund, “ A current based self-test methodology for RF front-end circuits”, Microelectronics Journal, No.36, Aug 2005 Anand Gopalan, Tejasvi Das, Clyde Washburn and P.R. Mukund, “BiST for Multi- GHz CMOS RF Front-ends”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems (Under review) Conference Papers “ Self-calibration of Gain and Output match in LNAs”, IEEE ISCAS May 2006, Kos, Greece “Towards Fault-Tolerant RF Front-Ends: On-Chip Input Match Self-Correction of LNAs”, The IEEE Mixed-signal Test Workshop, June 2005, Cannes, France. “Dynamic Input match correction in RF Low Noise Amplifiers”, 19th IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, Oct. 2004, Cannes, France

28. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Publications(2) Conference papers (contd.) “ Use of Source Degeneration for Non-Intrusive BIST of RF Front-end Circuits”, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Kobe, Japan, May 2005 An Ultra-fast, on-chip BiST for RF LNAs”, 18th IEEE International Conference on VLSI Design, India, Jan. 2005.

29. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry References (1) [1] B. Razavi, “RF CMOS transceivers for cellular telephony”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp.144 – 149, August 2003. [2] B. A. Floyd, C.-M. Hung, K. K. O, “Intra-Chip Wireless Interconnect for Clock Distribution Implemented With Integrated Antennas, Receivers, and Transmitters”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 543-552, May 2002. [3] M.-C. F. Chang, V. P. Poychowdhury, L. Zhang, H. Shin, Y. Qian, “RF/Wireless Interconnect for Inter- and Intra-Chip Cpmmunications”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 4, pp.456-466, April 2001. [4] J.M.V Santos Dos, J.M.M Ferreira, “Fault-tolerance: new trends for digital circuits” IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Vol 3, pp. 237 – 240, Sept. 1998 [5] Michael S. Heutmaker, Duy K. Le, “Architecture for self-test of a wireless communication system using sampled IQ modulation and boundary scan”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 98-102, June 1999. [6] Madhuri Jarwala, Duy Le, Michael S Heutmaker, “End-to-end test strategy for wireless systems” Proceedings of the IEEE International Test Conference (TC), pp. 940- 946, 1995. [7] N. Nagi, A. Chatterjee, H. Yoon, J. A. Abraham, “Signature analysis for analog and mixed-signal circuit test response compaction”, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 540-546, June 1998. [8] Rajsuman R., “Iddq testing for CMOS VLSI”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol.88 No. 4, pp. 544 –568, April 2000.

30. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry References (2) [9] Isern E., Figueras J., “Test generation with high coverages for quiescent current testing of bridging faults in combinational systems”, Proceedings of the International Test Conference, pp. 73 -82, October 1993. [10] A. Gopalan, T. Das, C. Washburn and P.R. Mukund, “An ultra-fast on-chip BiST for RF CMOS LNAs”, Proceedings of 18th International conference on VLSI Deign, January 2005, pp.485 – 490 [11] J.M.V Santos Dos, J.M.M Ferreira, “Fault-tolerance: new trends for digital circuits” IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Vol 3, Sept.1998 pp. 237 - 240 [12] M. Soma, “Challenges and approaches in mixed signal RF testing” Proceedings of the Tenth Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference, Sept. 1997, pp. 33 – 37 [13] E. Liu, W. Kao, E. Felt, A. Sangiovanni-VIncentelli, “Analog testability analysis and fault diagnosis using behavioral modeling”, Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, May 1994, pp. 413 – 416 [14] Yu.V Malyshenko, “Functional fault models for analog circuits”, IEEE Design & Test of Computers, Volume 15, Issue 2, April-June 1998, pp. 80 – 85 [15] Anand Gopalan, P.R.Mukund and Martin Margala, “A Non-Intrusive Self-Test Methodology for RF CMOS Low Noise Amplifiers”, IEEE Mixed-signal Test workshop, Portland, June 2004. [16] Thomas H. Lee, “The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits”, Cambridge University Press, 1998. [17] John Ferrario, Randy Wolf, Steve Moss, Mustapha Slamani, “A low-cost test solution for wireless phone RFICs”, IEEE Communications Magazine, v 41, n 9, September, 2003, pp. 82-89

31. Fault-Tolerant Design of RF Front end Circuitry Thank You