1. Ann Bucklin 1, Robert M. Jennings 1, Brian D. Ortman 1, Lisa Nigro 1, C.J. Sweetman 1, Nancy J. Copley 2, and Peter H. Wiebe 2 1 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, USA 2 Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA Zooplankton images by Russell R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska) and Laurence P. Madin (Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.) DNA barcoding the global marine zooplankton assemblage 2 nd International Barcode of Life Conference Taipei, Taiwan – September 17-21, 2007 We gratefully acknowledge support from: the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration, and US National Science Foundation

2. Barcoding Marine Zooplankton CMarZ effort to barcode 7,000 species in 15 phyla of holozooplankton is ~25% completed, with >1,500 described species barcoded. At-sea DNA barcoding of identified specimens, with ship-board team of expert taxonomists, is an effective and efficient approach to barcoding zooplankton. DNA barcoding will aid species discovery; new species are being discovered in biodiversity hotspots, under-sampled regions (deep sea), among rare and fragile planktonic groups, and within circumglobal taxa. DNA barcodes will allow rapid, automatable, and remote species identification and biodiversity assessments. Sapphirina metallinaLimacina helicinaHippopodius hippopus Salpa cylindrica

3. Barcoding Euphausiacea (Crustacea) Forty of 86 species, including 20 of 31 species of Euphausia, were barcoded by Bucklin, Wiebe et al. (2007). Barcodes accurately and uniquely identify and discriminate species, and can reveal cryptic species within widespread taxa. Variation within species 1% - 3% Atlantic / Pacific cryptic species Ann Bucklin (UConn), Peter Wiebe (WHOI), et al. Euphausia Nematoscelis Stylocheiron Thysanoessa Thysanopoda 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 Mean Pairwise Difference Within speciesBetween species

4.  Copepods have many sibling species groups, differentiated by subtle morphological or morphometrical characters (secondary sex characters).  MtCOI barcodes provide ancillary characters for species identification; can reveal cryptic species within geographically widespread species.  Overall average difference between species is 23.1% for 91 species of copepods. Barcoding Copepoda (Crustacea) A. Bucklin (UConn), N.J. Copley (WHOI), L. Nigro (UConn), J. Bradford-Grieve (NIWA) Congeneric species may not cluster together in a barcode tree Barcodes resolve some species’ relationships for some genera

5. Barcoding Siphonophora (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) Brian D. Ortman (Ph.D. Disseration at University of Connecticut, USA DNA barcodes completed for ~80 of 160 species of the Siphonophora; differ by 10% - 40% and clearly resolve all species. Phylogenetic relationships above the genus level are not well-resolved; some evidence of resolution of suborders PHYSONECTA, CYSTONECTA, and CALICOPHORA (names color-coded). Barcodes can both confirm species identifications and reveal errors

6. ------------Species----------- Group Collect Barcode Known ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Ctenophora 22 1390 CnidariaHydromedusae 33 12842 Siphonophora 70 55160 Scyphozoa 7 4161 CrustaceaAmphipoda 31 12400 Copepoda 138 382,000 Euphausiidae 14 1486 Ostracoda 58 36169 Other Crustacea 18 1523 MolluscaGastropoda 44 36144 Other Mollusca 27 12-- Others Larvacea 12 564 Nemertea 1 199 Polychaeta 3 3110 Thaliacea 14 245 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Totals 534 2584869 DNA Sequencing at Sea UConn Team DNA set up a DNA barcoding laboratory during a CMarZ cruise to the Sargasso Sea in April 2006, extracting and sequencing DNA at sea.