1. CHAPTER 1 NOTES
THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

2. 40 MILLION SPECIES
ORGANISM- LIVING THING
BIOLOGY- THE STUDY OF LIVING THINGS

3. SECTION 1 THE WORLD OF BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SECTION 1
THE WORLD OF BIOLOGY

4. Characteristics of Life
Organization and Cells
Response to Stimuli
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Growth and Development
Reproduction
Change Through Time

5. Organization and Cells
CELLS- Basic unit of structure and function
ORGANIZATION- at both molecular and cellular levels- particular cells carry out specific functions
atoms  molecules  organelles  cells  organs  organ systems  organism

6. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Cell- basic unit of structure and function
Unicellular organisms- one celled
Multicellular organisms- more than one cell
Cells are highly organized.
Cell Differentiation- the development of cells having special functions

7. STABILITY AND HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis- stable level of internal conditions

8. Metabolism
ENERGY USE
METABOLISM – sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
Energy maintains organization

9. Growth and Development
GROWTH- result of cell division and enlargement
Development- process by which adult organism arises (puberty)

10. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE
REPRODUCTION- the production of new offspring
transmits heredity info to offspring (DNA)
gene- a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for the development of a single trait
Sexual reproduction- the production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms
Asexual reproduction- the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes (sex cells)

11. EVOLUTION Populations of organisms evolve or change over time.
Allows for survival in a changing world
Assists with the diversity of organisms

12. Section 2 Themes in Biology

13. BIOLOGY THEMES 3 Themes in Biology Diversity and Unity of Life
Interdependence of Organisms
Evolution of Life

14. Unity in the Diversity of Life
There are certain features that all living things have in common:
Genetic code = the rules that govern how cells use the hereditary information in DNA
Presence of organelles

15. Three Domains of Life 6 Kingdoms Bacteria Archae Eukarya
4 in Eukarya (Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae)
1 in Arachae (Archae)
1 in Bacteria (Bacteria)

16. INTERDEPENDENCE OF ORGANISMS
Ecology - the study of the interaction of organisms with one another and their environment
Ecosystems- environmental communities

17. Evolution of Life
Evolution = descent with modification- a process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations such that genetically distinct populations and new species can develop
Natural selection = the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals

18. MATTER, ENERGY AND ORGANIZATION
Living things are composed of highly organized matter
Organization requires energy
Photosynthesis- energy from sun is changed into a form of energy that can be used by living things
autotrophic- make their own food (producers)
Heterotrophs- organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs (consumers)

19. CHAPTER 1 SEC. 3
THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

20. Steps of the Scientific Method
Make an observation with the senses
Ask a question about the observation
Collect data
Hypothesize
Prediction
Experiment
Draw Conclusions
Communicate

21. COLLECTING DATA DATA- all info gathered in trying to answer a
question- includes:
Observation
Qualitative- what we see or gather with senses
Measuring
Quantitative- what we measure using instruments and numbers
Sampling- using a small part to represent the entire population; which must be large and random
Organizing data- charts, graphs, tables, maps etc

22. HYPOTHESIS
DEFINITION- A STATEMENT THAT EXPLAINS A SCIENTIST’S OBSERVATIONS AND DATA AND CAN BE TESTED
Can be proved wrong, but can never be proved beyond all doubt
Are often refined, revised or discarded based on new evidence

23. PREDICTION
A STATEMENT MADE IN ADVANCE THAT STATES THE RESULTS THAT WILL BE OBTAINED FROM TESTING A HYPOTHESIS
“IF…..THEN……..

24. EXPERIMENT
DEFINITION: testing a hypothesis or prediction by gathering data under controlled conditions
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT involves the following:
Control group- a group or individual that serves as a standard of comparison with another group or individual to which it is identical except for one factor- “the norm”

25. (Experiment cont.)
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP- group or individual that is exposed to the factor/variable
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- an experimentally manipulated variable- the one thing you are testing- that you change
DEPENDENT VARIABLE- the responding variable in an experiment (results for action of the independent variable)

26. ANALYZING DATA FROM EXPERIMENT
IS DATA RELIABLE? OFFER SUPPORT? REJECT?
MAKE STATISTICS; COMPARE WITH OTHER STUDIES
LOOK FOR SOURCES OF ERRORS

27. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS Model- an explanation supported by data
Inference- a conclusion made on the basis of facts or premises rather than on direct observations
Theory- a broad and comprehensive statement of what is believed to be true, supported by considerable experimental evidence from related hypothesis

28. COMMUNICATION
Report findings in journals, at meetings, etc. Allows scientists to repeat and/or expand on previous work

29. CHAPTER 1 SEC 4
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

30. MICROSCOPES
MAGNIFICATION- the increase of an object’s size to allow viewing
RESOLUTION- the power to show details clearly
FOUR BASIC TYPES OF MICROSCOPES:
Compound light microscope (LM)
Stereomicroscope
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

31. LIGHT MICROSCOPE Light transfers through a thin specimen on a slide
Parts of light microscope
Stage- supports slide and specimen
Objective lens- enlarges t he image
Ocular lens- magnifies image even more
Nosepiece- holds and rotates the objectives
Diaphragm - changes the amount of light to reach the specimen

32. Course focus/adjustment- the focus to be used at lower powers- DO NOT USE AT HIGH POWER
Fine focus/adjustment- the focus to be used at high power for more precise images
Power of magnification- the total amount of magnification- ocular lens is 10 X
Multiply 10X by the objective lens
Ex. 10x X x = power

33. Eye piece
Ocular lens
Body tube
Nosepiece
Objective lens
Stage
Diaphragm
Light source
Course adjustment
Fine adjustment
Base

34. STEREOMICROSCOPE Used to view larger objects
Usually only has 2 objectives- ours has a 5 and 10 power

35. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Transmits a beam of electrons through a thin slice
Focuses on a screen or photographic plate
Can magnify up to 200,000 times
BUT cannot be used to view live specimens

36. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Three-dimensional images- no living
Specimens are not sliced- but are sprayed with a metal coating which emits a shower of electrons when the beam of electrons is passed over it
Electrons are passed onto a photographic plate
Magnify up to 100,000 times

37. MEASUREMENT SI= Systeme International d’Unites BASE UNITS-
Length = meter = m
Mass = kilogram = kg
Time = second = s
Electric current = ampere = A
Temperature = Kelvin = K
Amount of substance = mole = mol
Volume = liter = l

38. Metric Prefixes Based on the power of ten Kilo 1000 Hecto 100 Deka 10
Meter, liter,gram
Deci .1
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano

39. Units
DERIVED UNITS- when two base units combine
Volume= m3

40. LAB SAFETY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_J9wMSbkZI