2. Women’s Suffrage in Europe Finland (1907) the 1 st country Switzerland (1971) the last country Notables: England (1928), France (1944), Germany (1919), Italy (1945), Spain(1931) Scandinavian Countries (19 teens), Turkey (1934)

3. Women in the Renaissance Like the Middle Ages, women had no political rights. Expected to perform the duties of a housewife. Peasant women worked in field with their husband and the housework. Middle class helped run businesses and the house. Upper class women had servants but still did housework as well (sewing, entertaining, etc). Non-married women not allowed to live independently, but had to live with a male relative or join a convent (nun)

4. Isabella d’Este – A true Renaissance woman Memorized the works of ancient scholars Spoke fluent Greek and Latin Gave performances with singing, dancing, and played a number of musical instruments Happily married to the Duke of Mantua. The Duke of Mantua was a center of art, wit, and elegance. After her husband is captured in battle, she rules Mantua herself As ruler of Mantua she turns it into a major developer of textiles Becomes a great patron of the artists of the time and encouraged the people of Mantua to do the same

5. Overall, women in the Renaissance were viewed as property and used as opportunities to increase wealth or social standing. The common age of marriage was 12. Women kept secluded from life after they were born until they were married. Poor Lucrezia Borgia (listen)

6. Women the Reformation Although viewed as a partnership, women subordinate to their husbands. Women expected to be silent, obedient, and perform household tasks Divorce was almost impossible Anabaptists – allowed women to serve as ministers Not much progress here

7. Women in the Enlightenment Women’s roles remain relatively unchanged during this time of education, thought, and science. Women would host the famous salons in Paris were debates, philosophies, and lectures. Some times they would participate. Emilie du Chatelat – writer philosopher, Voltaire’s companion of many years. Studied Isaac Newton In terms of jobs, opportunity, and equality there wasn’t much progress

8. Women in the Industrial Revolution Women were evident in manual labor of the Industrial Revolution: –In textiles industry – jobs were overseeing the power looms, overseeing carding machines, carrying raw materials, and finished products –In the coal industry – hauling coal wagons through tunnels to the mining shaft, loading coal onto horse drawn carts –Iron industry – loading and hauling raw materials

9. Women’s Movement in Great Britain 1792-1897 Most men opposed women’s movement because they felt it would undermine family life Factors that led to the women’s movement was humanism, The Reformation (Protestantism sees marriage as partnership), Paris salons during the Enlightenment, the idea of equality from the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.) 1792 – Mary Wollstonecraft – A Vindication of the Rights of Women, argues that women should have the right to education and work

10. 1857 – English Women’s Journal for discussion of women’s politics and women’s rights 1865 – Elizabeth Garret Anderson qualifies as a doctor after overcoming fierce opposition in the medical field. 1867 – John Stuart Mill – philosopher and member of Parliament proposes that women be allowed to vote. Defeated 1870 – Girls allowed to study and Cambridge. Women’s vote allowed to vote election to local school boards. Married Women’s Property Act, women retain rights to their incomes and property 1872 – Girls Public Day School Company – formed to improve the level of education in girls schools

11. 1874 – Elizabeth Garret Anderson establishes a medical school for women 1874 – Women’s Protective and Provident League – goal to establish unions in professions were women work 1875 – University Enabling Act – allows all universities to award women degrees 1878 – birth control literature begins to spread 1883 – Women’s Co-operative League – the first organization run by working class women. Considerations include women’s rights, birth control, and child welfare

12. 1888 - women are allowed to vote in local council elections Annie Besant – leads a walk out (Strike!) of a match factory because of pay and work conditions 1897 – National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies unites many groups campaigning for women’s rights. Members called suffragists. Used peaceful tactics

13. Women roles in WWI and WWII Women go the factory and farms to supply the war effort and take over the jobs left by the men going to war Women find jobs in munitions factories, assembling various weaponry, shipping, and farming. Governments issue propaganda to promote more women to join the war effort

14. Women’s Roles Post WWI In Communist Russia, women granted equal rights as the men Improved understanding of infection and hygiene helps childbirth become safer for women Contraceptives were available and family size reduces amongst the middle class Because of their skill demonstrated in WWI factories they received higher pay rates than before. But as the men returned home, women resented being sent back to housework Most married women expected not work, but had to for financial reasons. Jobs include typists, secretaries, clerks Women begin cutting their hair short, smoking, drinking, and attended social functions without a male escort

15. Women’s Roles Post WWII Women saw their status rise after WWII Family planning freed a women of regular pregnancy and childbearing. Like WWI women worked factories and farms in WWII. Paid less wages than if men were working them. Unmarried women were drafted in for non-fighting duty Like WWI women forced from their jobs by the returning soldeirs New jobs emerged (lighting, electronics, computers, office, and entertainment) but range of occupations was still narrow (nursing, school, sales, secretaries) all with low wages.

16. Recent Trends The women’s movement re-emerged during the 1960’s and the 1970’s, rebelling against their expected roles and wanting equal rights (in work, marriage, morals, and leisure) Changing attitudes about women’s roles have affected traditional roles in the home. As a result, many men now take a more active role in parenting and doing housework The contemporary women’s movement has contributed to an increasing acceptance for careers for all women, including mothers with young children and has led to legislation banning sex discrimination.