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Chapter 10 “Agriculture”
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Global Food Crisis – 2009! Most Canadians take food for granted. Even the poorest fifth of households in the United States spend only 16 percent of their budget on food. In many other countries, it is less of a given. Nigerian families spend 73 percent of their budgets to eat, Vietnamese 65 percent, Indonesians half. Last year, the food import bill of developing countries rose by 25 percent as food prices rose to levels not seen in a generation. Corn doubled in price over the last two years. Wheat reached its highest price in 28 years. The increases are already sparking unrest from Haiti to Egypt. Many countries have imposed price controls on food or taxes on agricultural exports.
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The World Bank, the UN, the International Monetary Fund and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) warned that rising food prices may cause social unrest, malnutrition and even starvation. Not only are food prices rising but food stocks, especially cereal are at an all time low. Causes for high food prices: Increase in energy costs – increase shipping and production costs The rise of the middle class in India and China – want more meat (protein) in their diet thus more grain to feed not people but cows, goats, pigs etc. Climate changes – Global Warming – droughts, floods and storms have decreased crop yields around the world but in particular in Great Britain and the Ukraine
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More and more land and crops are being converted to corn and the production of Ethanol (biofuel)
More demand for corn caused an increase in corn and feed prices Many countries place tariffs on import ethanol – thus increasing domestic production Rich countries with money, research and technology can adapt, but not poor countries Solutions: Stop ethanol production – burning ethanol really does not help the environment – so stop its production MDC countries must help the LDC with financial aid, food aid and educational aid The MDC must re-think their energy policies
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FAO plans to give out vouchers to farmers in poor countries to purchase seeds and fertilizer and to help them adapt to changing climate conditions – the key is to help countries grow food locally and not have to rely on imports The European Union is eliminating tariffs on cereal imports – to keep prices down Some countries pay their farmers not to grow certain crops or use certain land (to keep prices and supply in check). These practices have to be removed. The previous four slides were taken from the following articles: The Food Crisis – The New York Times, April, 2008 World food stocks dwindling rapidly, UN warns, by Elisabeth Rosenthal, International Herald Tribune, December 17, 2007
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Agriculture: Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing animals for sustenance and/or economic gains. Hunters and Gatherers: Small groups Travelling all the time looking for food Temporary homes Simple social structure Division of labour between men and women Still practiced today in isolated regions
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Agriculture began when people began to understand how to domestic both plants and animals.
By accident By trial and error Noticed seeds grew Noticed that adding water and manure helped plants grow Domesticated weaker animals Supported more people Permanent homes Complicated social structure Eventually lead to the first Urban dweller
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First Agricultural Revolution
Development of seed agriculture Use of plow and draft animals The Second Agricultural Revolution Dramatic improvements in outputs, such as crop and livestock yields Such innovations as the improved yoke for oxen and the replacement of the ox with the horse or mule New inputs to agricultural production, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage Industrial Revolution
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The Third Agricultural Revolution
Mechanization Chemical farming Food manufacturing Agricultural Industrialization The process whereby the farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to becoming one part of an integrated string of vertically organized industrial processes including production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing – Vertical Integration.
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Three Important Developments of Industrialization of Agricultural
Changes in rural labour activities as machines replace or improve human labour; Introduction of innovative inputs—fertilizers, hybrid seeds, agrochemicals, and biotechnologies—to supplement, alter, or replace biological outputs; Development of industrial substitutes for agricultural products (e.g., artificial sweeteners)
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The New Agriculture Systems
Globalized agriculture a system of food production increasingly dependent on an economy and a set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization Agribusiness a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product
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Vegetative Planting: Reproduction of plants by cutting stems and dividing roots Yam, Banana Southeast Asia, Western South America, West Africa Seed Agriculture: Annual planting Sexual fertilization Wheat, Barley Western India, Northern China, Mexico Most Popular today
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Vegetative Planting Hearths
There were several main hearths, or centers of origin, for vegetative crops (roots and tubers, etc.), from which the crops diffused to other areas.
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Seed Agriculture Hearths
Seed agriculture also originated in several hearths and diffused from those elsewhere.
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Rural Settlements Linear Circular
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The Masai in East Africa
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Three main types of Agriculture:
Extensive – a lot of land, but few farmers, machines do most of the work Intensive – small amounts of land, a lot of farmers, every bit of land is farmed Subsistence – small amounts of land, most people are farmers and farm to feed themselves. Extensive and Intensive is considered COMMERCIAL FARMING and done by the MDCs. Subsistence is considered SUBSISTENCE FARMING and done by the LDCs
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Labour Force engaged in Agriculture
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Tractors per 1000 Hectares of Cropland
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Agricultural Regions
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Agriculture is related to Climate – Do you think?
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Grow for consumption of farmer and family
SUBSISTENCE FARMING Grow for consumption of farmer and family If there is a surplus it is sold to the local market Simple farming techniques Human and animal labour Lack of good quality land, capital and technology 55% of Population in LDCs Small farm sizes Types: SHIFTING CULTIVATION PASTORAL NOMADISM INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE We will expand each one of these in class
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Rice Production
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COMMERCIAL FARMING Highly scientific and mechanized – planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, processing, use of gps etc. Farm to sell surplus to large stores Few farmers – machines do most of the work Large farm sizes Agribusiness and Vertical Integration – explain Extensive use of fertilizer, irrigation, pesticides and herbicides 5% of Population in MDCs
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Types of Commercial Farming: MIXED CROP/LIVESTOCK DAIRY FARMING
GRAIN FARMING LIVESTOCK FARMING MEDITERRANEAN FARMING TRUCK FARMING PLANTATION FARMING Poultry?? Aquaculture?? We will expand each one of these in class
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Swidden – land that is cleared using Slash and Burn
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Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming
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Pastoral Nomadism Terraced rice farming Grain Farming - Wheat
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Organic Farming
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Why?
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Cash Crops
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Desertification
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Modern Irrigation
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How Climate Change and Agriculture are integrated
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Green Revolution – Third Agricultural Revolution
GMO’s - Biotechnology
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Two very important people have to be studied when dealing with Agriculture:
Esther Boserup –discussed in the chapter on Population - mention her theory now. Von Thunen – view the separate slide show that goes with this chapter
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The following slides contain a series of maps for us to look at and analyze and come up with some generalizations about Agriculture.
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World Rice Production Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world’s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production.
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World Corn (Maize) Production
The U.S. and China are the leading producers of corn (maize) in the world. Much of the corn in both countries is used for animal feed.
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World Wheat Production
China is the world’s leading wheat producer, but the U.S. and Canada account for about half of world wheat exports.
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Grain Imports and Exports
Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.
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World Milk Production Milk production reflects wealth, culture, and environment. It is usually high in MDCs, especially production per capita, and varies considerably in LDCs.
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Meat Production on Ranches
Cattle, sheep, and goats are the main meat animals raised on ranches.
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Desertification Hazard
The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America.
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Daily Calories consumed per capita
The biggest crisis of famine – large population growth – overgrazing – poor farming methods – ineffective government policies is occurring in the Sahel region of Africa.
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Drug Crops Of course not all crops are grown for food. There is Cotton and Tobacco, Natural Rubber, Tea and Coffee. There is also Coca (Cocaine) - Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, Marijuana - Mexico, Opium – Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos and Thailand, and Hashish - Mexico as well.
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Some interesting videos to watch:
The Meatrix series Store Wars
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Vocabulary List
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Unit V. Agricultural and Rural Land Use—Basic Vocabulary and Concepts
Adaptive strategies Agrarian Agribusiness Agricultural industrialization Agricultural landscape Agricultural location model Agricultural origins Agriculture Animal domestication Aquaculture Biorevolution Biotechnology Collective farm Commercial agriculture (intensive, extensive) Core/periphery Crop rotation Cultivation regions Dairying Debt-for-nature swap Diffusion Double cropping Economic activity (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary) Environmental modification (pesticides, soil erosion, desertification) Extensive subsistence agriculture (shifting cultivation [slash-and- burn, milpa, swidden], nomadic herding/pastoralism)
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Extractive industry Farm crisis Farming Feedlot First agricultural revolution Fishing Food chain Forestry Globalized agriculture Green revolution Growing season Hunting and gathering Intensive subsistence agriculture Intertillage Livestock ranching Market gardening Mediterranean agriculture Mineral fuels Mining Planned economy Plant domestication Plantation agriculture Renewable/nonrenewable Rural settlement (dispersed, nucleated, building material, village form) Sauer, Carl O. Second agricultural revolution Specialization
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Staple grains Suitcase farm Survey patterns (long lots, metes and bounds, township-and-range) Sustainable yield Third agricultural revolution (mechanization, chemical farming, food manufacturing) “Tragedy of the commons” Transhumance Truck farm Von Thünen, Johann Heinrich
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The End
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