1. Physical Science Study Guide – Final Exam and EOC Assessment

2. Energy, Force, and Motion
What energy transformation occurs when a match is lit?
Chemical energy in the match is transformed by friction into thermal and light energy of the flame

3. Energy, Force, and Motion
2. Give 1 example of each: Transfer of heat through conduction, convection, and radiation.
Conduction – a lizard sits on a warm rock (lizard and rock are touching)
Convection – warm air currents flow in from the equator (warm air is a fluid that warms the air it moves into)
Radiation – The sun produces heat that warms the surface of the earth

4. Energy, Force, and Motion
3. A hot (100°C) bolt with a mass of 71 grams is placed in 150 grams of cool (20°C) water. The temperature of the water increases to 24°C. The specific heat of water is J/g°C. Approximately how many joules of heat does the water absorb?
Q =
m= 150 g
c = J/g°C
ΔT = 4 °C
Q = (m)(c)(ΔT)
Q = (150 g)(4.186 J/g°C)(4 °C)
Q = 2512 J

5. Energy, Force, and Motion
4. Place the following substances in order from least kinetic energy to greatest kinetic energy: molecules of water in a swimming pool, molecules of water in an ice cube, molecules of water in steam rising from a boiling pot
Ice cube (solid), swimming pool (liquid), steam (gas)

6. Energy, Force, and Motion
5. What is the velocity of an eastbound object that travels 706 m in 120 s?
v = ____ East
d = 706 m
t = 120 s
𝑣= 𝑑 𝑡 𝑣= 706 𝑚 120 𝑠 v = 5.9 m/s East

7. Energy, Force, and Motion
6. A cheetah starts running and reaches a velocity of 27 m/s in 3 seconds. What is the cheetah’s acceleration during this time?
a =
vf = 27 m/s
vi = 0 m/s
t = 3 s
𝑎= 𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 𝑡
𝑎= 27 𝑚 𝑠 −0𝑚/𝑠 3𝑠
a = 9 m/s2

8. Energy, Force, and Motion
7. Explain how a car’s seatbelt is related to the concept of inertia.
A car that is moving stops due to an outside force (the brakes) but passengers bodies will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force (the seat belt).
without a seatbelt - If the car stops slowly, the passengers body weight is enough of a force to stop the motion of the passenger along with the car. If a car stops very quickly (the driver slams on the brakes or hits something), the passengers weight is not enough to stop their body and they will continue to move forward (toward/out of the windshield)
because – An object in motion (or at rest) will remain in motion (or at rest) until acted upon by an outside force (Newton’s 1st law/The law of inertia)

9. Energy, Force, and Motion
8. How much force is required for a 100 kg object to accelerate at a rate of 3 m/s2?
F =
m = 100 kg
a = 3 m/s2
F = ma
F = (100 kg)( 3 m/s2)
F = 300 N

10. Energy, Force, and Motion
9. If a box exerts a force of 68 N downward upon a table, describe the magnitude and direction that the table exerts on the box.
The table exerts an upward force of 68 N
Because – every action has an equal and opposite reaction (Newton’s 3rd law)

11. Energy, Force, and Motion
10. What is the mass of a meteor falling toward earth with a force of N?
F = N F = ma so, 𝑚= 𝐹 𝑎
m = 𝑚= 𝑁 10 𝑚/ 𝑠 2
a = 10 m/s2 (the acceleration due to gravity) m = 7800 kg

12. Energy, Force, and Motion
11. The force of gravity on Mars is 0.38 times the gravity on Earth. The mass of an object on Earth is 71 kg. What are the mass and weight of that object on Mars?
Gravity on Earth = 9.8 m/s2
Gravity on Mars = 9.8 x 0.38 =
Mass = 71 kg
w=mg
w = (71 kg)(3.724)
w = N

13. Energy, Force, and Motion
12. How much work is done if a force of 60 N is used to push a box 6 m?
W = Fd
W = ?
F = 60 N
d = 6 m
W = 60(6)
W = 360 J

14. Energy, Force, and Motion
13. How much force is needed to loft a box that weighs 240 N if you are using a block and tackle pulley system with 4 rope segments?
60 N
240 Newtons divided by 4 rope segments

15. 14. What is being transferred as any type of wave propagates?
energy

16. 15. Explain how the frequency and wavelength of radio waves is different from the frequency and wavelength of gamma rays
Radio waves have a long wavelength and low frequency
Gamma rays have a short wavelength and high frequency

17. 16. Describe one thing that electromagnetic waves can do that sound waves cannot.
Travel though a vacuum (empty space)

18. 17. Draw a simple diagram to show each of the following wave phenomena: reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference.
refraction
diffraction

19. 18. Place the following mediums in order from fastest to slowest for the time it would take for a sound wave to pass through the medium: water, copper wire, air
Copper wire, water, air

20. 19. Why does a police siren sound more high pitched as the car is moving toward you, and lower pitched as the car drives away from you.
The Doppler effect – causes the received frequency of a source (how it is perceived when it gets to its destination) to differ from the sent frequency if there is motion that is increasing or decreasing the distance between the source and the receiver.

21. 20. Give 1 example each of static electricity being transferred through induction and conduction.
induction - a lightning bolt
conduction – you rub a balloon against your hair causing the hair to stand up

22. 21. In direct current, electrons flow in one single direction through a circuit. How is alternating current different from direct current?
in alternating current, electrons move back and forth as they flow

23. 22. In a circuit, with a resistance of 400 Ω and a current of 0
22. In a circuit, with a resistance of 400 Ω and a current of 0.01 A, what is the voltage?
I = 0.01 A 𝐼= 𝑉 𝑅
V = ? 𝑉=𝐼×𝑅
R = 400 Ω V = 4 v

24. 23. Compare and contrast series circuits with parallel circuits.
series circuits carry charge through only one pathway. If you remove one light bulb from a series circuit, all other light will go out because the circuit is broken
parallel circuits carry charge through multiple pathways. If you remove a bulb from a parallel circuit, the other bulbs will remain lit

25. 24. Draw a simple electromagnet
24. Draw a simple electromagnet. Explain how the electromagnet creates a magnetic field.
In an electromagnet, a copper wire is coiled around an iron core and attached to the negative and positive end of a battery. The electric charge temporarily magnetizes the iron core

26. 25. Describe how a simple electric motor is made.
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor.

27. 26. Explain how a permanent magnet is made from magnetic raw materials.
Magnetic raw materials can be made into permanent magnets by placing the magnetic raw material in a strong magnetic field

28. 27. Describe the location and the charge of each subatomic particle: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom. Electrons are located in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus Protons + charge Neutrons 0 charge Electrons - charge

29. 28. Magnesium has an atomic number 12 and an atomic mass of 24
28. Magnesium has an atomic number 12 and an atomic mass of 24. What do these numbers tell you about a magnesium atom?
Mg has 12 protons and 12 neutrons

30. 29. In terms of subatomic particles, what is the difference between Carbon-12 and Carbon- 14?
C-14 has 2 more neutrons than C-12

31. 30. Two different elements have 6 protons, and 17 protons respectively
30. Two different elements have 6 protons, and 17 protons respectively. What are the names of these two elements?
Carbon (6 protons)
Chlorine (17 protons)

32. 31. How is the movement of electrons different in compounds that form with covalent bonds from the compounds that from with ionic bonds?
In ionic compounds – 1 elements gives up electrons and another atom takes those electrons
In covalent compunds – atoms share electrons

33. 32. Which of these types of radiation is LEAST dangerous to living cells: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma waves?
Gamma Rays

34. 33. The half-life of bismuth is 5 days
33. The half-life of bismuth is 5 days. How much of a 100 gram sample will remain after 20 days?
6.25 grams

35. 34. Explain the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
34. Explain the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Give an example of each.
Nuclear fission – split atoms
Used in nuclear reactors for producing electricity
Nuclear fusion – combine atoms
Occurs in the sun

36. 35. Based on its position on the periodic table, which of the following elements is a nonmetal?: potassium (K), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), or bromine (Br)
Bromine

37. 36. An ionic bond typically forms between certain types of elements
36. An ionic bond typically forms between certain types of elements. From the representative elements, which groups will form positive ions and which will from negative ions?
Groups 1, 2, and 3 will donate electrons
Groups 15, 16, 17 will accept electrons

38. 37. Find sulfur (S) on the periodic table
37. Find sulfur (S) on the periodic table. Describe: the number of valence electron the atom has; the type and charge of a sulfur ion; the name of the group of elements that includes sulfur, and whether it is a metal, a nonmetal, or a metalloid.
6 valence electrons
Anion -2 charge
Oxygen Group
nonmetal

39. 38. Draw a simple diagram to show the motion of the water molecules described in question #4 (. Place the following substances in order from least kinetic energy to greatest kinetic energy: molecules of water in a swimming pool, molecules of water in an ice cube, molecules of water in steam rising from a boiling pot)

40. 39. The graph shows the pressure of an ideal gas as a function of its volume. According to the graph, how will the pressure of the gas change as the volume is increased from 100 mL to 150 mL?
The pressure will decrease to 150 kPa

41. 40. A group of physical science students made some observations about a metal sample during lab: Shiny reddish-brown color, Mass; g, Volume; 2.81 cm3. What is the density of the sample?
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
d = ?
m = g
v = 2.81 cm3
d = = 9 g/cm3

42. 41. Compare and contrast elements with compounds.
Elements are made up of one type of atom
Example: aluminum, oxygen, gold
Compounds are made up of two or more elements with atoms that are chemically bonded
Example: NaCl , H2O, CO2

43. 42. Give 2 examples of heterogeneous mixtures and 2 examples of homogeneous mixtures.
Homogeneous – blood, kool aid
Heterogeneous – trail mix, ice water

44. 43. What is the formula for the ionic compound that will form from magnesium (Mg) and chlorine (Cl)?
MgCl2

45. 44. What are the IUPAC names for each of the compounds listed: PCl3, CH4, K2S, P4O6 ? Indicate whether they are ionic or covalent compounds.
PCl3 Phosphorus trichloride (covalent)
CH4 Carbon tetrahydride (covalent)
K2S dipotassium sulfide (ionic)
P4O6 tetraphosphorus hexasulfide (covalent)

46. 45. An iron nail weighing 5.10 g is allowed to react with oxygen, according to the reaction
4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
A layer of iron(III) oxide forms on the nail, increasing the nail's mass. How much oxygen has reacted with the iron if the mass of the nail has increased to g?
The mass of the nail increased by 0.79 g so 0.79 g of oxygen reacted with the iron.
Matter cannot be created or destroyed

47. 46. Balance the chemical equation N2 + H2  NH3
H = 2 H = 3
N2 + 3H2  2NH3
N = 2 N = 2
H = 6 H = 6

48. 47. What do you call a solution with the maximum amount of solvent dissolved?
A saturated solution

49. 48. A detergent solution is made by adding 10 g of borax powder to 1 L of water. In this situation, which is the solute and which is the solvent?
Borax – solute
Water - solvent

50. 49. The graph below shows the solubility curve for 4 common salts
49. The graph below shows the solubility curve for 4 common salts. Which salt is most soluble at °C?
KNO3

51. 50. Explain how you could make a solution that will conduct electricity?
Electrolyte solutions that conduct electricity are made by dissolving ionic compounds in water

52. 51. A chemist is trying to dissolve a large crystal of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in water by stirring the solution, but the crystal dissolves very slowly. What can the chemist do to speed up the process?
Break the magnesium sulfate into smaller pieces
Heat the solvent

53. 52. Borax detergent is dissolved in water
52. Borax detergent is dissolved in water. The solution turns red litmus paper blue and feels slippery to the touch. Based on these observations, is Borax solution an acid or a base?
Borax solution is a base
Bases have a pH greater than 7, turn red litmus paper blue, and feel slippery

54. Acidic – lemon juice, vinegar Basic – bleach, laundry soap
53. List 2 common household substances that are acidic, 2 that are basic, and 1 that is neutral.
Acidic – lemon juice, vinegar
pH < 7
Basic – bleach, laundry soap
pH > 7
Neutral – water
pH = 7