1. Review of Basic Skills 4.5 x 109 4.5 x 10-5 1. Scientific Notation
What do you know about scientific notation?
1. Scientific Notation
The earth is years old and a human hair is meters in diameter – both these numbers are a hassle to write, so we need to use a method called scientific notation.
The age of earth and size of a hair can be represented by 4.5 x 10-5 and 4.5 x 109. Which represents the age of the earth and the size of a human hair? What clues did you use?
4.5 x 109
Age of Earth: ____________________
Size of a hair: ____________________
What clues did you use?
4.5 x 10-5
Positive exponents are for larder numbers and negative exponents for smaller numbers
Scientific notation gives us a compact way of expressing extremely large or small numbers. For example the distance from the earth to the sun is km. A shorter way to write this is x 108 km.

2. Did you know… Hair grows faster in warmer weather
Studies show that boy’s hair grows faster than girls.
From one strand of hair, scientists can determine what you eat, if you smoke, and your ethnic origin.
What they can’t tell: your gender
A single strand of healthy hair can support 100 grams of weight. That’s about 20 Hersey kisses

3. To write a number to scientific notation:
Move the decimal point until it is behind the first non-zero number
Count how many times you had to move the decimal point to do this
Multiply the number by the appropriate power of 10
Use a positive exponent if the original number is larger than one (or if you moved the decimal to the left)
Use a negative exponent if the original number is smaller than one (or if you moved the decimal to the right)
Example 1 Convert to scientific notation
Example 2 Convert to scientific notation
= x 107
= x 10-8
8 digits to the right
7 digits to the left
Note: Numbers in scientific notation must be between 1 and 10, multiplied by the proper power of 10.
Which of the following is the correct way to write in scientific notation? (circle the correct one)
2.55 x or x 104

4. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation.
d) = ________________________
e) = ________________________
f) = ________________________
1.23 x 10-1
8.9 x 108
2.4 x 102
1.23 x 10-4
4.5 x 104
5.47 x 10-3

5. Converting Scientific Notation to Decimal Number
1. Move the decimal the same number of places as the exponent.
If the exponent is positive, move the decimal to the right (to make a BIG number)
If the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the left (to make a SMALL number)
Example 1 Convert 9.5 x 104 to a decimal number
Example 2 Convert 9.5 x 10-4 to scientific notation
9.5 x 104 =
9.5 x 10-4 =
Convert the following to decimal notation.
a) 2.3 x 10-6 = _______________ d) 1.0 x 10-4 = ______________
b) x 108 = _______________ e) x 107 = _____________
4.5 x 105 = _______________ f) x 10-5 = _______________

6. 2. Significant Digits 0.00720 m = _______ 28 000 kg = ________
A key skill in Science is to count the number of significant digits in a scientific quantity and then express your answer in significant digits.
Rule for Measured Quantities
Locate the first non-zero digit from the left (i.e. the leftmost digit)
This digit, and all digits to the right, are significant
Don’t forget that zeros before are NOT significant, but zeros AFTER are!
Try these:
m = _______
3 significant digits
kg = ________
5 significant digits
First non zero number
First non zero number
State the number of significant digits in each of the following measurements.
a) 43.2 cm_____ b) m _______ c) km ______
d) K ______ e) g _______ f) 12 eggs _________ 3 1 4 5 3 2

7. 3. Arithmetic with measured quantities
1. Addition / Subtraction
When adding or subtracting numbers, the answer should have the same precision as the least precise measurement (the lowest number of decimal places)
e.g cm precise to the 10th (1 decimal place)
cm precise to the 100th (2 decimal places)
654.4 cm precise to the 10th (1 decimal place)
2. Multiplication / Division (and complex calculations)
When multiplying or dividing numbers, the answer should have the same digits as the lowest number of significant digits.
e.g N 5 sig digs
x s 3 sig digs
323 N∙s 3 sig digs

8. a) 9.0 cm + 7.66 cm + 5.48 cm = _______________
Solve the following and express your answer with proper significant digits.
a) 9.0 cm cm cm = _______________
b) g g = _______________
c) s s = _______________
d) m ÷ 2.0 m = _______________
e) 5.25 L x 1.3 L = _______________
f) kg x m/s = _______________
g) x 108 m x 108 m = _______________
h) x 10-6 m ÷ 2.3x 105 s = _______________
22.1 cm (since the lowest decimal place is a 10th)
7.0 g (since the lowest decimal place is a 10th)
14.39 s (since the lowest decimal place is a 100th)
1.3 m (since the lowest sig. dig. is 2)
6.8 L (since the lowest sig. dig. is 2)
kgm/s (since the lowest sig. dig. is 3)
2.35 x 108 m (since the lowest decimal place is a 100th)
4.0 x m/s (since the lowest sig. dig. is 2)

9. 4. Converting SI and non SI units
The number one most important resource will be your DATA BOOKLET. Don’t lose it, REFER to it regularly!
When converting units, you can set up ratios and then cross multiply.
Example Convert 2.2 minutes to seconds
1 min = min x = 132s
60s x
We always put like units together as the numerator or denominator.

10. Convert the following units.
Britney Spears lip syncs for 2.5 hours. How many seconds is this?
Ringo Starr plays drums for 7200 s. He’s a drumming machine. How many hours is this?
The average person sleeps 2738 hours a year. How many second does the average person spend sleeping?
1 h = h
3600 s x
X = s x 2.5 h = 9000 s 1h
since we set up our ratio with hours as the numerator, we put the 2.5h in the numerator as well
1 h = x
3600 s s
X = s x 1 h = 2 h
3600s
1 h = h
3600 s x
X = s x 2738 h = s 1h

11. The middle! (Highlight this)X ÷
The middle! (Highlight this) X ÷
To convert from the common base unit to anything else, divide by the factor given!
To convert any unit to the common base, multiply by the factor given!
Or think of it as,
If you are moving into the middle, you are multiplying your stuff!
If you are moving out of the middle, you will be dividing your stuff!

12. Practice your conversion skills.
Eberle and Hall skate about 4075 metres in an Oiler hockey practice. How many kilometers is this?
Mr. Morris walks km to the parkade. Ooo, what a workout. How many meters does he walk?
Einstein moved a 158 cm stack of books in 3.5 min. He is incredibly strong.
How many km tall is the stack of books?
How many seconds did it take?
We are converting from a common base unit to something else (moving out) so we divide by the factor
4075 m ÷ 103 = km
We are converting to the common base unit from something else (moving in) so we multiply by the factor
0.467 km x 103 = 467 m
Hint: you need to convert twice using the table.
Answer: km
Answer: 210s

13. The Nature of Science
In your groups, complete the “How scientific is it activity”

14. What is Science?
An activity devoted to making sense out of events in the natural world that often seem unrelated and confusing.
In science, what we claim to know depends on connections between what we observe and what we think we already know.
Use story arranging activity

15. The sneezing monkey (Rhinopithecus strykeri), is one of 10 newly discovered species that sneezes when it rains
The mind control fungus (Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani) grows out of an ants brain until it kills the ant itself
The Pancake Batfish (H. intermedius) found in the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spills can walk with their arm like fins
Science is cool

16. Essential Skills to Experimentation
In every experiment there is always a control group and experimental group. What is the difference?
Consider this: A scientist wants to study the relationship between high caffeine energy drinks and the claim that they negatively affect heart rates.
Taurine
Caffeine is a stimulant and a lot of people experience side effects above 200mg, which include sleeplessness, heart palpitations, headaches, nausea, and most commonly the jitters
Taurine is an amino acid that your body naturally produces. It helps regulate heartbeat, muscle contractions, and energy levels.
Caffeine
Did you hear about this death?

18. Essential Skills to Experimentation
In every experiment there is always a control group and experimental group. What is the difference?
Controlled group: a group of participants that are kept under “normal conditions
Experimental group: a group of participants that you test something on
Control Group – the group which you keep the same or are under “normal” conditions
Experimental Group – the group which you are testing something on
The larger the study sample, the more valid and reliable our data becomes!

19. Essential Skills: Variables
Most scientific experiments have a specific set of variables. These are:
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Controlled variables
These are really
important!
Manipulated variable – conditions manipulated by the experimenter.
“things”/factors that you can change to test something between 2 groups
Responding variable – conditions that change in response to the change in manipulated variables
“what you are looking for/measuring”
Controlled variable – conditions that are kept the same in the experiment
“things you keep the same between both groups”

20. Essential Skills: Variables
Manipulated Variable
Responding Variable
Controlled Variable
Condition that you are testing on the experimental group
Ex. Energy drinks is what we are testing in the experimental group
Condition that you are observing/recording (What are you measuring?)
Ex. Heart rate of subjects is what you will record
Conditions that must be kept the same in both groups
Ex. Gender, age and health of participants, also the amount of energy drink per day
Manipulated variable – conditions manipulated by the experimenter.
“things”/factors that you can change to test something between 2 groups
Responding variable – conditions that change in response to the change in manipulated variables
“what you are looking for/measuring”
Controlled variable – conditions that are kept the same in the experiment
“things you keep the same between both groups”

21. Essential Skills: Hypothesis
Every experiment needs to have a hypothesis which is stated before an experiment begins
What is a hypothesis?
Prediction – what you think will happen, more like a guess
Hypothesis – educated guess based on scientific ideas that provides a reasonable explanation for why a result is expected
Generally written in the form “If….then…..”
A hypothesis should fulfill the following three conditions:
Directly answer the problem or research question by proposing a relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Give a reason or explanation for the answer according to a scientific concept
It must be testable.

22. Essential Skills: Hypothesis
What is a hypothesis and what things does it include?
Hypothesis: educated guess based on scientific ideas that provides a reasonable explanation for why a result is expected
Generally written as “If…then…because”
A good hypothesis should also be testable
Prediction – what you think will happen, more like a guess
Hypothesis – educated guess based on scientific ideas that provides a reasonable explanation for why a result is expected
Generally written in the form “If….then…..”
A hypothesis should fulfill the following three conditions:
Directly answer the problem or research question by proposing a relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Give a reason or explanation for the answer according to a scientific concept
It must be testable.

23. Essential Skills: Evidence (Data Collection)
Types of Data in Science:
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
Qualitative Data– a description of what you observe
Does not include any numbers
ex. Soft, bright, hazy , smelly, colorful
Quantitative Data– values and numbers that are measured
Must include units
ex. mL, mol/L, km, mm and L

24. Essential Skills: Evidence (Data Collection)
Types of Data in Science:
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
A description of what you see
Ex. Color, texture, hot/cold, bright, smell
Data that includes numbers and can be measured
Ex. Temp, volume, distance and weight
Qualitative Data– a description of what you observe
Does not include any numbers
ex. Soft, bright, hazy , smelly, colorful
Quantitative Data– values and numbers that are measured
Must include units
ex. mL, mol/L, km, mm and L

25. Essential Skills: Data Analysis
Data collected is generally manipulated, transformed and presented in a way that makes it easier to read and understand
Analysis of data includes:
Graphs
Tables
Labeled drawings

26. Essential Skills: Graphing
There are two main types of graphs:
Line graph – used when time is involved and time is ALWAYS on the x-axis
You can have a line graph with more than one line
Don’t be confused when two sets of data are given – you can use a line graph and have 2 lines instead of 1
Bar graph – used for comparison of data when time is NOT involved!
Ten Rules of Graphing:
1. The title of the graph is written across the _____top______ of the graph paper. It is stated to indicate the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable. The word "versus should not be included.
2. On the horizontal axis place the name of the _____manipulated______ variable and its unit of measure.
3. On the vertical axis place the name of the _____responding______ variable and its unit of measure.
4. Calculate the values for the _____scale______ so the plotted data extends over _____most______ of the graph. All plotted points must fit on the graph paper.
5. In most cases the scales should _____start at zero______. If not, use the zigzag at the start of the axis.
6. Plot the coordinate points for the manipulated and responding variables on the graph.
7. The number pairs are plotted as a point.
8. The points are joined by a smooth curve or line. *Use a _____”line of best fit”______ rather than joining the dots if necessary.
9. If you are plotting two or more variables, a legend should be placed in the _____bottom right hand corner______ of the graph. The legend should identify each of the lines on the graph.
Bar Graph
Line Graph
You need to be able to
decide which type of graph to use

27. Essential Skills: Graphing
There are two main types of graphs:
Line Graph
Bar Graph
Line graphs are used when we measure something over time (time in on the x-axis)
Data collected is continuous and we can have 2 lines on a graph
Line graph – used when time is involved and time is ALWAYS on the x-axis
You can have a line graph with more than one line
Don’t be confused when two sets of data are given – you can use a line graph and have 2 lines instead of 1
Bar graph – used for comparison of data when time is NOT involved!
Ten Rules of Graphing:
1. The title of the graph is written across the _____top______ of the graph paper. It is stated to indicate the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable. The word "versus should not be included.
2. On the horizontal axis place the name of the _____manipulated______ variable and its unit of measure.
3. On the vertical axis place the name of the _____responding______ variable and its unit of measure.
4. Calculate the values for the _____scale______ so the plotted data extends over _____most______ of the graph. All plotted points must fit on the graph paper.
5. In most cases the scales should _____start at zero______. If not, use the zigzag at the start of the axis.
6. Plot the coordinate points for the manipulated and responding variables on the graph.
7. The number pairs are plotted as a point.
8. The points are joined by a smooth curve or line. *Use a _____”line of best fit”______ rather than joining the dots if necessary.
9. If you are plotting two or more variables, a legend should be placed in the _____bottom right hand corner______ of the graph. The legend should identify each of the lines on the graph.
Bar graphs are used to compare discrete data
Bar graphs are used when we are not collecting data over time

28. Eight Rules of Graphing
top
The title of the graph is written across the ___________ of the graph paper. The title should describe the graph to someone who doesn’t know what the experiment is about. The word "versus should not be included.
On the horizontal axis place the name of the ___________________ variable and its unit of measure.
On the vertical axis place the name of the ______________________ variable and its unit of measure.
Manipulated (time)
Use story arranging activity
Responding

29. Eight Rules of Graphing
scale
4. Calculate the values for the ___________ so the plotted data extends over _______ of the graph. All plotted points must fit on the graph paper.
5. In most cases the scales should _________________________. If not, use the zigzag at the start of the axis.
6. Plot the coordinate points for the manipulated and responding variables on the graph.
most
Start at zero
Use story arranging activity

30. Eight Rules of Graphing
7. The points are joined by a smooth curve or line rather than joining the dots if necessary.
8. If you are plotting two or more variables, a legend should be placed in the _____________________________ of the graph. The legend should identify each of the lines on the graph
Bottom right hand corner
Use story arranging activity

31. Sample Graph Title Legend
Lines should show the trend in the graph, but we don’t necessarily need to connect all the points
Title
Legend
Use story arranging activity

32. Practice Questions:
Use the following information to answer the next question
To determine the effect of acid rain on corn plants, a solution of H2SO4(aq) with a pH of 4.3 was used to water a plot of two-month-old corn plants. More corn plants were grown on another plot under similar conditions but were watered with distilled water that had a pH of 7.
Experimental Variables
1 Type of soil
2 Substance used to water plants
3 Amount of light
4 Growth of plant
Match each of the experimental conditions numbered above with one of the variables given below.
Conditions: __________ __________ __________ __________
Variables: Manipulated Responding Controlled Controlled
variable variable variable variable
Answer: 2413 or 2431

33. For each of the following decide which of the variables would be placed on the x axis and which would be placed on the y axis.
A. You keep track of the average price of gas per week over a one year period.
(____) average price of gas per week (____) week
What type of graph would work best to show the trend of gas prices? _______________ 
  Why did you choose this graph? Y x
Line graph
A line graph would be used since time is continuous. Also since we are recording the price of gas, this would be our responding variable (on the y axis)
B. You measure the amount of toxin found in various animals found in the Pacific Ocean.
(____) amount of toxin (____) type of animal
What type of graph would work best to show amount of toxin is animals? ____________ Y x
Bar graph