1. Lecture Presentation Software to accompany Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management Eighth Edition by Frank K. Reilly & Keith C. Brown Chapter 16

2. Chapter 16 - Equity Portfolio Management Strategies Questions to be answered: What are the two generic equity portfolio management styles? What are three techniques for constructing a passive index portfolio? How does the goal of a passive equity portfolio manager differ from the goal of an active manager? What is a portfolio’s tracking error and how is it useful in the construction of a passive equity investment?

3. Chapter 16 - Equity Portfolio Management Strategies What is the difference between an index mutual fund and an exchange-traded fund? What are the three themes that active equity portfolio managers can use? What stock characteristics differentiate value- oriented and growth-oriented investment styles? What is style analysis and what does it indicate about a manager’s investment performance?

4. Chapter 16 - Equity Portfolio Management Strategies What techniques are used by active managers in an attempt to outperform their benchmark? What are differences between the integrated, strategic, tactical, and insured approaches to asset allocation?

5. Passive versus Active Management Passive equity portfolio management –Long-term buy-and-hold strategy –Usually tracks an index over time –Designed to match market performance –Manager is judged on how well they track the target index Active equity portfolio management –Attempts to outperform a passive benchmark portfolio on a risk-adjusted basis

6. An Overview of Passive Equity Portfolio Management Strategies Replicate the performance of an index May slightly underperform the target index due to fees and commissions Costs of active management (1 to 2 percent) are hard to overcome in risk-adjusted performance Many different market indexes are used for tracking portfolios

7. Index Portfolio Construction Techniques Full replication Sampling Quadratic optimization or programming

8. Full Replication All securities in the index are purchased in proportion to weights in the index This helps ensure close tracking Increases transaction costs, particularly with dividend reinvestment

9. Sampling Buys a representative sample of stocks in the benchmark index according to their weights in the index Fewer stocks means lower commissions Reinvestment of dividends is less difficult Will not track the index as closely, so there will be some tracking error

10. Expected Tracking Error Between the S&P 500 Index and Portfolio Comprised of Samples of Less Than 500 Stocks Exhibit 16.2 5004003002001000 2.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 Expected Tracking Error (Percent) Number of Stocks

11. Quadratic Optimization (or programming techniques) Historical information on price changes and correlations between securities are input into a computer program that determines the composition of a portfolio that will minimize tracking error with the benchmark This relies on historical correlations, which may change over time, leading to failure to track the index

12. Methods of Index Portfolio Investing Index Funds –Attempt to replicate a benchmark index Exchange-Traded Funds –EFTs are depository receipts that give investors a pro rata claim on the capital gains and cash flows of the securities that are held in deposit by a financial institution that issued the certificates

13. An Overview of Active Equity Portfolio Management Strategies Goal is to earn a portfolio return that exceeds the return of a passive benchmark portfolio, net of transaction costs, on a risk-adjusted basis Practical difficulties of active manager –Transactions costs must be offset –Risk can exceed passive benchmark

14. Fundamental Strategies Top-down versus bottom-up approaches Asset and sector rotation strategies

15. Sector Rotation Position a portfolio to take advantage of the market’s next move Screening can be based on various stock characteristics: –Value –Growth –P/E –Capitalization –Sensitivity to economic variables

16. Technical Strategies Contrarian investment strategy Price momentum strategy Earnings momentum strategy

17. Anomalies and Attributes The Weekend Effect The January Effect Firm Size P/E and P/BV ratios

18. Miscellaneous Issues Selection of an appropriate benchmark Issues pertaining to the benchmark Use of computer screening and other quantitatively based methods of evaluating stocks Factor models The “long-short” approach to investing

19. Value versus Growth Growth stocks will outperform value stocks for a time and then the opposite occurs Over time value stocks have offered somewhat higher returns than growth stocks

20. Value versus Growth Growth-oriented investor will: –focus on EPS and its economic determinants –look for companies expected to have rapid EPS growth –assumes constant P/E ratio

21. Value versus Growth Value-oriented investor will: –focus on the price component –not care much about current earnings –assume the P/E ratio is below its natural level

22. Style Construct a portfolio to capture one or more of the characteristics of equity securities Small-capitalization stocks, low-P/E stocks, etc… Value stocks appear to be underpriced –price/book or price/earnings Growth stocks enjoy above-average earnings per share increases

23. Does Style Matter? Choice to align with investment style communicates information to clients Determining style is useful in measuring performance relative to a benchmark Style identification allows an investor to diversify by portfolio Style investing allows control of the total portfolio to be shared between the investment managers and a sponsor

24. Determining Style Style grid: –firm size (large cap, mid cap, small cap) –Relative value (value, blend, growth) characteristics Style analysis –constrained least squares

25. Benchmark Portfolios Sharpe –T-bills, intermediate-term government bonds, long-term government bonds, corporate bonds, mortgage related securities, large-capitalization value stocks, large-capitalization growth stocks, medium-capitalization stocks, small- capitalization stocks, non-U.S. bonds, European stocks, and Japanese stocks

26. Benchmark Portfolios Sharpe BARRA –Uses portfolios formed around 13 different security characteristics, including variability in markets, past firm success, firm size, trading activity, growth orientation, earnings-to-price ratio, book-to-price ratio, earnings variability, financial leverage, foreign income, labor intensity, yield, and low capitalization

27. Benchmark Portfolios Sharpe BARRA Ibbotson Associates –simplest style model uses portfolios formed around five different characteristics: cash (T- bills), large-capitalization growth, small- capitalization growth, large-capitalization value, and small-capitalization value

28. Timing Between Styles Variations in returns among mutual funds are largely attributable to differences in styles Different styles tend to move at different times in the business cycle

29. Asset Allocation Strategies Integrated asset allocation –capital market conditions –investor’s objectives and constraints Strategic asset allocation –constant-mix Tactical asset allocation –mean reversion –inherently contrarian Insured asset allocation –constant proportion

30. Asset Allocation Strategies Selecting an allocation method depends on: –Perceptions of variability in the client’s objectives and constraints –Perceived relationship between the past and future capital market conditions

31. The Internet Investments Online http://www.russell.com http://www.firstquadrant.com http://www.panagora.com

32. End of Chapter 16 –Equity Portfolio Management Strategies

33. Future topics Chapter 17 Bond Fundamentals