1. Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 31
Animal Organization and Homeostasis
Lecture Outline
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2. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
31.1 Types of Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Tissues are:
Collections of specialized cells organized to perform a common function

3. The four tissue types are:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

4. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Epithelial Tissue (epithelium)
Forms a continuous layer over body surfaces
Lines body cavities
Forms glands
Epithelial cells may be connected to one another by
Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions

5. Functions of epithelial tissue include:
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
Filtration

6. 3 types of epithelial tissue
Simple
Stratified
glandular

7. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Simple Epithelia - A single layer of cells
Classified according to cell type:
Squamous epithelium – flattened cells
Cuboidal epithelium – cube-shaped cells
Columnar epithelium – cells resembling columns

8. Glandular Epithelia - Secretes a product
A gland can be a single epithelial cell or can contain many cells
Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavities
Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstream

9. Stratified Epithelia –
Layers of cells

10. Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Simple
squamous
Simple cuboidal
• lining of kidney
tubules, various
glands
• absorbs molecules
• lining of lungs,
blood vessels
• allows diffusion
basement membrane
basement membrane
(All): © Ed Reschke

11. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Epithelial Tissues in the Vertebrates
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pseudostratified,
ciliated columnar
Stratified squamous
Simple columnar
• lining of nose,
mouth, esophagus,
anal canal, vagina
• protects
• lining of small
intestine, oviducts
• absorbs nutrients
• lining of trachea
• sweeps impurities
toward throat
cilia
goblet cell
secretes
mucus
goblet cell
secretes
mucus
basement
membrane
basement
membrane
basement membrane
(All): © Ed Reschke 11

12. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Connective tissue functions:
Establishing a structural framework
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues
Storing energy reserves
Defending the body from microorganisms 12

13. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Connective tissue:
Specialized cells
Ground substance - Noncellular material
Protein fibers
Collagen fibers - contain collagen providing strength and flexibility
Reticular fibers – contain thinly branched collagen fibers
Elastic fibers – contain elastin

14. Three categories of connective tissue
Fibrous
Supportive
Fluid

15. Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Loose fibrous
connective
tissue
Adipose
tissue
Dense fibrous
connective
tissue
• has space
between
components.
• occurs beneath skin
and most epithelial layers.
• functions in support and binds
organs.
• cells are
filled with fat.
• occurs beneath
skin, around
heart and other organs.
• functions in insulation, stores fat.
• has collagenous
fibers closely
packed.
• in dermis of skin,
tendons, ligaments.
• functions in support.
fibroblast
50 µm
50 µm
400x
elastic
fiber
collagen
fiber
collagen
fibers
nuclei of
fibroblasts
nucleus a. b. c.
(a, b); (c): © The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. Dennis Strete, Photographer

16. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Types of Connective Tissue in Vertebrates
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hyaline
cartilage
Compact bone
• has cells in
concentric
rings.
• occurs in
bones of
skeleton.
• functions in
support and protection.
• has cells in
lacunae.
• occurs in nose;
in the walls of
respiratory
passages; at ends of bones,
Including ribs.
• functions in support and
protection.
central canal
osteon
50 µm
chondrocyte
within lacunae
320x
osteocyte
within a lacuna
canaliculi
matrix 16 d. e.
(d, e): © Ed Reschke

17. Fibrous Connective Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Fibrous Connective Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
consist of:
Fibroblast cells
A matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
Loose fibrous connective tissue
Allows organs to expand
Adipose tissue
Stores energy
Insulates the body and provides padding
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Strong connective tissue
Tendons – connect muscle to bone
Ligaments – connect bones to other bones at joints 17

18. Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Diagram of Fibrous Connective Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stem cell: divides to
produce other types
of cells
Adipose cell:
stores fat
Collagen fiber:
unbranched, strong
but flexible
Ground
substance: fills
spaces between
cells and fibers
Fibroblast: divides to
produce other types
of cells
Reticular fiber:
branched, thin, and
forms network
Elastic fiber:
branched and
stretchable
White blood cell:
engulfs pathogens
or produces antibodies
Blood vessel

19. Supportive Connective Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Supportive Connective Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Cartilage
Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrix (hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage)
Cartilage cells lie in small chambers (lacuna) in the matrix
Bone
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
Bone cells are located in lacunae
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)

20. Fluid Connective Tissues
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Fluid Connective Tissues
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Blood
A connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)
Red blood cells – oxygen transport
White blood cells – immune response
Platelets – involved in the clotting process
Functions
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
Removes carbon dioxide and other wastes
Lymph
A fluid connective tissue located in lymphatic vessels

21. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Blood, a Liquid Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
plasma
white blood cells
(leukocytes)
red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
white blood cell
a. Blood sample
after centrifugation
platelets
red blood cell
plasma
b. Blood smear

22. Muscular (contractile) Tissue
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Muscular (contractile) Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibers
Three types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary - Long, striated fibers, multinucleated
Smooth (visceral) Muscle
Involuntary - No striations
Cardiac Muscle
Striated, but mostly involuntary
Cells are bound to each other by intercalated disks
Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction

23. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Muscular Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
• has striated cells
with multiple nuclei.
• occurs in muscles
attached to skeleton.
• functions in voluntary
movement of body.
• has spindle-shaped
cells, each with a
single nucleus.
• cells have no striations.
• functions in movement of
substances in lumens of body.
• is involuntary.
• is found in blood vessel walls and walls
of the digestive tract.
• has branching,
striated cells, each
with a single nucleus.
• occurs in the wall of
the heart.
• functions in the pumping
of blood.
• is involuntary.
striation
nucleus
400
250
smooth muscle
cell
nucleus
intercalated disk
nucleus a. b. c.
a, c: © Ed Reschke; b: © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Dennis Strete, photographer

24. Nervous system (functions):
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Nervous system (functions):
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Sensory input
Sensory receptors detect changes
Transmit information to the spinal cord and brain
Data integration
Spinal cord and brain integrate data
Decision is made regarding appropriate response
Motor output
Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)
Effector initiates the actual response

25. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Nervous Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to another
Nervous tissue includes:
Neurons
Transmit information
Consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers bound by connective tissue form nerves.

26. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Nervous Tissue
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Neuroglia
Support and nourish neurons
Neuroglia in brain include
Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodentrocytes

27. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Neurons and Neuroglia
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
dendrite
Neuron
nucleus
cell body
axon
Microglia
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
myelin sheath
axon
b. Micrograph of a neuron
200×
Capillary
a. Neuron and neuroglia
b: © Ed Reschke

28. Regenerative Medicine
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Regenerative Medicine
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
In humans, axons outside the brain and spinal cord can regenerate, but not those inside these organs.
Injured neurons in CNS degenerate
Permanent loss of nervous function.
In cold-water fishes and amphibians axon regeneration in the CNS does occur.
Several proteins play role in axon regeneration 28

29. Creating a New Type of Salamander for Limb Regeneration
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Creating a New Type of Salamander for Limb Regeneration
Animal Organization & Homeostasis

30. 31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
31.2 Organs, Organ Systems, and Body Cavities
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Organ
Composed of two or more tissue types working together for a particular function
Organ System
Composed of various organs that cooperate to carry out a general process
Ex: the digestion of food

31. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Body Cavities
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
1.Dorsal cavity (toward the back)
Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal
The brain is in the cranial cavity, and
The spinal cord is in the vertebral canal
2. Ventral cavity (toward the front) is divided into
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs),
The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs), and
The pelvic cavity (certain reproductive organs)

32. Mammalian Body Cavities
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Mammalian Body Cavities
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranial
cavity:
contains brain
Dorsal
cavity
Vertebral
cavity:
contains
spinal cord
Thoracic
cavity:
contains heart,
lungs, and
esophagus
diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity:
contains stomach,
liver , spleen,
pancreas,
and intestines
Ventral
cavity
Pelvic
cavity:
contains certain
reproductive
organs a.

33. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Mammalian Body Cavities
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thoracic cavity:
contains esophagus,
heart, and lungs
Abdominal cavity:
contains digestive
and other organs
Pelvic cavity:
contains reproductive
and other organs 33 b.

34. 31.3 The Integumentary System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
31.3 The Integumentary System
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Functions of skin
Covers and protects underlying body regions
Regulates body temperature, and
Contains sensory receptors
Skin and its derivatives make up the integumentary system

35. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Regions of the Skin
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous Layer 35

36. - Outer, thinner region
Stratified squamous epithelium
New cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed off
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)
UV radiation can cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells, leading to skin cancer.

37. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis
Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers contains:
Receptors
Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located below dermis

38. The Integumentary System
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
The Integumentary System
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Accessory Structures of Human Skin:
Nails
Hair follicles

39. Nails
Grow from nail root and form protective covering of distal portion of fingers and toes

40. Hair follicles
Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum
Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin

41. Hair follicles
Begin in the dermis and continue through the epidermis
Contain oil glands (sebaceous glands) which secrete sebum
Lubricates the hair within the follicle as well as the skin

42. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Human Skin Anatomy
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
hair shaft
sweat pore
Epidermis
melanocytes
sensory receptor
capillaries
oil gland
arrector pili muscle
Dermis
free nerve endings
hair follicle
hair root
sweat gland
artery
Subcutaneous layer
vein
nerve
adipose tissue

43. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
The Epidermis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
flattened and
dead cells
Epidermis
b. Basal cell
carcinoma
cells undergoing
keratinization
stem cells
and melanocytes
dermal
projection
Dermis
a. Photomicrograph of skin
c. Melanoma
a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Ken Greer/Visuals Unlimited; c: © James Stevenson/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

44. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
31.4 Homeostasis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis:
The ability of an organism to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
Animals vary to the degree in which they can regulate internal variables.

45. The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
1.The digestive system
Takes in and digests food
Provides nutrient molecules that replace used nutrients
2.The respiratory system
Adds oxygen to the blood
Removes carbon dioxide
3.The liver and the kidneys
Store excess glucose as glycogen
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used
The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage
4.The kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and salts

46. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Homeostasis
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Homeostatic Control
Partially controlled by hormones
Ultimately controlled by the nervous system

47. Negative feedback
is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set value
Sensor detects change in environment
Regulatory center initiates an action to bring the conditions back to normal

48. Regulation of Room Temperature Using Negative Feedback
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Regulation of Room Temperature Using Negative Feedback
Chapter 33
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
sends data to
thermostat
directs furnace
to turn off
68°F set point
Sensor
70°F
too hot
furnace off
negative feedback
and return to
normal temperature
stimulus
too hot
Homeostasis
too cold
negative feedback
and return to
normal temperature
stimulus
Sensor
furnace on
66°F
too cold
Control center
directs furnace
to turn on
sends data to
thermostat 48
68°F set point

49. Regulation of Body Temperature by Negative Feedback
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Regulation of Body Temperature by Negative Feedback
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point
directs response
to stimulus
Sensor
Effect
Blood vessels dilate;
sweat glands secrete.
negative feedback
and return to normal
temperature
stimulus
above normal
Normal body temperature
below normal
negative feedback
and return to normal
stimulus
Effect
Sensor
Blood vessels constrict;
sweat glands are inactive.
Control center
directs response
to stimulus
sends data to
control center
98.6°F set point

50. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Positive feedback
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
is a mechanism that brings about an ever greater change in the same direction
Childbirth process
Positive Feedback
Does not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative feedback

51. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Positive Feedback
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2. Signals cause pituitary gland to
release the hormone oxytocin.
As the level of oxytocin increases,
so do uterine contractions
until birth occurs.
pituitary gland + +
uterus
1. Due to uterine contractions,
baby’s head presses on
cervix, and signals are
sent to brain.

52. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 33
Animation
Animal Organization & Homeostasis
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