1. “E-leader conference, Krakow, 2008“ June, 9-11, 2008 Krakow, Poland Zlatko NEDELKO University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Maribor, Slovenia, E-mail: zlatko.nedelko@uni-mb.sizlatko.nedelko@uni-mb.si Participants’ characteristics for e-learning

2. Agenda  I. The selected problem  II. Introduction to e-learning  III. Participant’s characteristics  IV. Participant’s characteristics – a case study  V. Discussion  VI. Concluding remarks

3. I. The selected problem (1)  Distance education  any learning in which participants are at a distance from each other (e.g. are not at same place at same time)  The very first distance education was through written correspondence (i.e. traditional mail)  In last couple of decades advancement in modern ICT has enabled evolution/emergence of electronic learning (e-learning)  E-learning typically involves the use of ICT and computers to support learning  ICT is therefore a central construct which enable and/or support the process of e- learning. E-learning represents a great proportion in distance education

4. I. The selected problem (2)  E-learning represents a radical change in learning paradigm, which has influenced various fields in the problematic of e-learning - needed sufficient level of skills and knowledge for working with modern ICT and computers - materials and literature are changed - personal characteristics of participants who participate in e-learning process and participants’ readiness and interest for such a (changed) way of learning

5. I. The selected problem (3)  E-learning has become an important way of education  E-learning represent a radical change in education process (participants are at physical distance)  In paper we examine participants’ personal characteristics and their importance for incorporation of potential participants in e-learning process  This paper offers an insight into the participants’ personal characteristics and proposes a set of participants’ characteristics which could lead to success in e-learning process

6. II. E-learning (1)  E-learning is rapidly growing as an acceptable way of education  A very simple definition defines e-learning as a learning which is supported and/or made possible by the use of modern ICT and computers

7. II. E-learning (2)  Several different formats of e-learning are: - Web supported – a e-learning format which is complementary to traditional learning process. There is a Web site (i.e. portal for distance education) for the class that contains course materials, assignments, goals, exercises and tests; - Blended or mixed-mode e-learning – course is structured so that part of the class sessions are held in a traditional (face-to-face) setting and part of them are held with usage of modern ICT over internet (popularity, establish a rapport with educator and get clear instructions how to study in distance mode; - Fully online e-learning format – every class session is held in distance mode

8. II. E-learning (3) Some possible benefits for participants are following: - Flexibility (convenience, 24/7); - Accessibility (cost, lose time, rural area); - Own pace of study (other obligations); - Accommodation of different learning styles of participants through different activities (multi- media, text materials) Most common disadvantages from participant point of view are: - Feeling of isolation (no FTF contact); - Technology issues (equipment, internet); - Basic computer skills; - Lack of self-discipline and self-motivation; - Method of evaluating participants’ work/success in e-learning process

9. II. E-learning (4) Most common benefits for teachers are: - reduced amount of administration - reuse of materials prepared for a course Most common benefits for providers of e-learning - global presence (e.g. increased number of participants) - reduced costs for delivering courses Most common drawback for teachers are - very time consuming preparation of course content and course materials - course materials need to be updated often - usage in short period

10. II. E-learning (5)  Physical distance among participants in learning process is most significant difference which distinguishes traditional (face-to-face) learning and e-learning  The possibility for social interaction among e- learning participants is reduced  Important issue which is somehow neglected in literature is also participants (personal) characteristics. In comparison to traditional (face-to-face) learning process in e-learning process participants need or/must have several characteristics that contribute to success in e-learning process

11. III. Participant’s characteristics (1)  Participants’ success in e-learning process depends on multiple interdependent factors (e.g. technology, course materials, participants’ personal characteristics)  For the purpose of our discussion we are focusing on participants’ characteristics. Due too the changed nature of e-learning process (e.g. physical distance, home-working) is also important that participants possess and/or have characteristics which are basis for success in e-learning process

12. III. Participant’s characteristics (2)  Participant characteristics is a partial characteristic (and/or part of complex characteristic) which importantly influence success in e-learning process  Most probable and possible participants’ characteristics needed to succeed in e-learning process are - Level of skills and knowledge for working with computer and ICT (sufficient level) - Self-motivation and motivation for learning - Self-discipline (autonomy, own pace of study) - Attitudes towards e-learning – participants must be interested in participation in such a way of education; - Attitudes towards usage of e-literature – (e.g. changed nature of e-literature)

13. III. Participant’s characteristics (3) - Felling of isolation – need for social interaction and personal contact (e.g. excellent way vs. boring) - Independence – participants must have ability to work well with minimal structure (e.g. few instructions are offered to participants); - Good thinking skills – participants must be able to use higher-order thinking (e.g. synthesis, evaluation), especially due to the lack of interaction with lecturer and peers. - Good problem solver – participants must be able to resolve problem mainly on their own, (e.g. trust could become an issue) - Good time manager – participant must be able to develop a schedule, establish goals and meet due dates.

14. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (1)  The research about e-learning was conducted among undergraduate students (2nd and 3rd year of study) at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Maribor, Slovenia  Primary aim of research was to examine students’ attitudes towards e-learning  For the purpose of our paper focus was on students’ characteristics, which are considered as a basis for success in e-learning process  Among 177 answered questionnaires, 155 questionnaires were completed and therefore usable

15. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (2)  Some general findings (1) All 155 participants in research has a computer at home, use internet for studying purpose and has at least one active e-mail address; (2) most of students use computers everywhere (3) 98.1 % of students use portal for DE; (3) 87.7 % of students are using student’s forum; (4) 60% of students in research using their self- phone mainly for calling and also for writing short messages, and also 38 % students use WAP services; and (5) 98.7 % of students think, that use of e- literature in traditional education process will enrich traditional education process

16. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (3) Attitudes towards usage of modern ICT Participants’ level of skills and knowledge for working with modern ICT and computers  Students’ knowledge and skills for working with computer and modern ICT are relatively good (e.g. 95 % as good or better) Very poor PoorFairGoodVery good Excellent --4.5%34.8 %50.3%10.3 % Not important 1234 Very important --5.8 %13.5 %45.8 %34.8 %

17. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (4)  Motivation for studying  Self-discipline Very low1234Very high 1.3 %2.6 %7.7 %52.3 %28.4%7.7 % Not important 1234 Very important -3.2 %5.8 %21.9 %49.7 %19.4 %

18. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (5) Participants’ attitudes towards education at distance  More than 90 % of asked students are interested in e- learning  Attitudes towards distance working/studying – working from home  We see that after asking more precise question fewer students are very interested in participation in e-learning process Not important 1234 Very important 5.2 % 16.8 %41.3 %24.5 %7.1 %

19. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (6) Materials and literature used in e-learning process  76 % of asked participants are interested in using e-literature (e.g. PDF format)  84.5 % students like to use multimedia instead of traditional materials; 15.5 % students prefer traditional materials and literature  98.7 % students believe that use of e- literature (also) in traditional education process will enrich it  76.1 % students think that appropriate designed e-literature can replace traditional literature

20. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (7)  What characteristics should have a good e-literature  Majority of students are willing to use e- literature and are therefore suitable for participation in e-learning process -36.8 % understandable text to students -36.1 % easy to use -11 % clearness of text -6.5 % goal attainment -1.9 % good appearance -2.6 % interactive test for reiteration -1.9 % entertaining content -1.9 % quotation of references for additional study literature, etc …

21. IV. Participant’s characteristics – case study (8)  Feeling of isolation  Sense of belongingness (as a value) Feeling very lonely 1234Do not feel lonely 6.5 %7.1 %12.9 %27.1 %31 %15.5 % Not important 1234 Very important 1.9 %4.5 %8.4 %29.7 %33.5 %21.9 %

22. V. Discussion (1)  Neither a cutting edge technology is not enough (and/or is not a guarantee) for success in e- learning process.  Participants in e-learning process have different set of personal characteristics - suitability for participation in e-learning process vs. prospects to succeed in e-learning process  For positioning (potential) participants of e- learning process, we defined a continuum. On one extreme are participants who have very favorable characteristics and therefore good prospects to succeed in e-learning process; on the other extreme are participants, who have less favorable characteristics and therefore fewer prospects to succeed in e-learning process.

23. V. Discussion (2)  Participants who have good prospects to succeed in e-learning process should have following personal characteristics: - Very positive attitudes towards usage of modern ICT (“almost prerequisite”); - High level of skills and knowledge for working with modern ICT and computers; - High motivation for studying; - High level of self-discipline; - High interest for participation in e-learning process; - Very positive attitudes towards usage of e- literature; - Low need for social interaction with peers

24. V. Discussion (3)  Participants who have fewer prospects to succeed in e-learning process have mainly following personal characteristics: - Very negative attitudes towards usage of modern ICT; - Low level of skills and knowledge for working with modern ICT and computers; - Low motivation for study; - Low level of self-discipline; - Low interest for participation in e-learning process; - Very negative attitudes towards usage of e- literature; - High need for social interaction with peers

25. VI. Concluding remarks  Determined personal characteristics which could importantly influence participants’ success in e- learning process could be used also as a self- evaluation test.  Potential participants who are interested in participation in e-learning process can determine their suitability for such a way of learning. On the other hand also providers of e-learning could determine suitability of potential participants according to selected set of personal characteristics.  With our discussion we are re-opening (again) the question about the importance of participants’ characteristics in e-learning process

26. Discussion Thank You for Your attention Mail to: zlatko.nedelko@uni-mb.sizlatko.nedelko@uni-mb.si