1. Welcome to...
Companion PowerPoint Presentation for the Introduction to Housing textbook

2. Housing and Community

3. Neighborhood Neighborhood—geographic location
People living in a specific area who share common ties & interact in some way
Statistical neighborhoods (census tracts or zip codes)
Functional neighborhoods
(residents’ perceptions)

4. Community Community—social interaction
Network of social interaction & bonding, usually based on mutual interest
Physical community development—physical planning & development
Social community development—enhancing residents’ capacities, skills & resources

5. Theory Ecological approach Interrelationships of people with
their environment
Social systems
Planning approach
Physical development, infrastructure, & land use
Services

6. Theory of Human Ecology
Robert Park
City of Chicago
Early 1900s
Ideas taken from plant ecology
Living together to the mutual
benefit of each
Invasion, dominance &
succession

7. Ernest Burgess: Invasion, dominance & succession in the city

8. Other theories Social contagion Collective socialization
Neighborhood resource
Relative deprivation

9. Process of Physical Community Development
Planning commission
Local residents
Recommend planning decisions
Comprehensive plan
Statement of community development policies & their implementation
5-20 years
Growth in population, industry & commerce
Land use

10. Community Tools Zoning ordinances Follow the comprehensive plan
Character of a neighborhood & property values
Guide for future development
Land use
Population density
Site requirements
Structural dimensions

11. Zoning Ordinances A map showing boundaries of labeled zones
Section of specific definitions of zones
Articles describing (for each zone):
Permitted,
Conditional, or
Special permit uses

12. Zoning Ordinances Types of zones: Residential: Commercial Industrial
Single family
Multi-family
Transitional
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural

13. Zoning Ordinances Type of development Placement of buildings
Type & number of units
Building height, setback, & easements
Lot density

14. Zoning Ordinances: Appeals
Avoid hardships
Not self-created
Not alter the character of the neighborhood
Single case
Intent versus strict letter of the law

15. Zoning Ordinances: Appeals
Use variance
use of the property other than permitted
Area variance
Use, construction or alteration of a building
Board of Zoning Appeals

16. Subdivision Regulations
Development of land – new building
Streets
Streetscapes
Utilities
Lot sizes
Open space

17. Covenants
Subdivision developer, neighborhood association, historic preservation association
Typically restricts use of property in order to maintain use and/or character
Attaches to the deed or association by-laws
Enforced by action of affected property owners
Conveys with the sale of the property

18. Critics and Compromises
Planned Unit Developments (PUD)
Special type of ordinance to develop new land
Typically allows more flexibility than standard zoning & subdivision regulations

19. Planned Unit Developments
Typical:
Large scale development
Clustered housing units
Common areas
Mixed housing types
Topographically suitable
Efficient use of the land
Integrated commercial/retail

20. Eminent Domain
Right of a community to take private property for public use
Property owner must be compensated
Property owner has right to sue if do not believe fairly compensated.

21. Neighborhood Satisfaction
Influenced by:
Personal factors
Physical factors
Social factors
Neighborhood segregation
Safety factors

22. Neighborhoods Influence Households
Quality of local services
Socialization by adults
Peer influences
Social networks
Exposure to crime & violence
Physical distance & isolation

23. So what do people want in their neighborhood?
An improvement over their last neighborhood
An adequate level of stimulation
A place to feel at “home”
Housing satisfaction
Neighborhood services
Good neighbors
Safety

24. Evolution
Gentrification—new money invested in central city results in middle & upper class moving back into the city
Gated communities—small neighborhoods enclosed with a fence & restrictive entrance
Conservation communities—incorporate sustainable housing & neighborhood design

25. New urbanism—neighborhoods that have a well-defined edge & a focused center
Traditional neighborhood development—using grid pattern, parks, squares, roundabouts & alleyways to promote a more traditional neighborhood of the past