1. © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 21 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli

2. Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Induction and Faraday’s Law

3. 21.1 Induced EMF Faraday observed that a steady current in X produced no current in Y. When the current was starting or stopping in X, current was produced in Y. He concluded only a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current. This is called an induced current.

4. 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law The induced emf in a wire loop is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. Magnetic flux: (on formula sheet) Unit of magnetic flux: weber, Wb. 1 Wb = 1 T · m 2

5. This drawing shows the variables in the flux equation: 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

6. The magnetic flux is analogous to the electric flux – it is proportional to the total number of lines passing through the loop. 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

7. Faraday’s law of induction: [1 loop] (on formula sheet) [N loops] 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

8. The minus sign gives the direction of the induced emf: An induced emf always gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change in flux (Lenz’s Law). 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

9. In (a) the magnetic field and flux are increasing. The current moves in the direction to oppose that – to decrease the magnetic field. In (b) the magnetic field and flux are decreasing. Again, the current moves in the direction to oppose that. In (c) there is no change in flux, so there is no induced emf.

10. Induced EMF Therefore, a changing magnetic field induces an emf. (Faraday’s experiment used a magnetic field that was changing because the current producing it was changing; the previous graphic shows a magnetic field that is changing because the magnet is moving.)

11. Magnetic flux will change if the area of the loop changes: 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law Current increases in the direction shown (clockwise) to maintain original flux.

12. Magnetic flux will change if the angle between the loop and the field changes: 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law Flux is decreasing so the current will go in the clockwise direction to increase flux.

13. Problem Solving: Lenz’s Law 1. Determine whether the magnetic flux is increasing, decreasing, or unchanged. 2. The magnetic field due to the induced current points in the opposite direction to the original field if the flux is increasing; in the same direction if it is decreasing; and is zero if the flux is not changing. 3. Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction of the current. 4. Remember that the external field and the field due to the induced current are different. 21.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

14. In (a) flux is decreasing, current is counterclockwise. In (b) area decreases, flux decreases, current is clockwise. In (c) flux is increasing, current is counterclockwise. In (d) flux is zero, no current. In (e) flux in increasing, current is counterclockwise.

15. 21.3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor This image shows another way the magnetic flux can change:

16. 21.3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor E = Blv (on formula sheet)

17. 21.5 Electric Generators A generator is the opposite of a motor – it transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy. This is an ac generator: The axle is rotated by an external force such as falling water or steam. The brushes are in constant electrical contact with the slip rings.

18. 21.7 Transformers and Transmission of Power This is a step-up transformer – the emf in the secondary coil is larger than the emf in the primary:

19. 21.7 Transformers and Transmission of Power Transformers work only if the current is changing; this is one reason why electricity is transmitted as ac.

20. 21.8 Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFCI This microphone works by induction; the vibrating membrane induces an emf in the coil