1. WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT TOD : EMERGING TRENDS IN TOD IMPLEMENTATION RESEARCH

5. Site/Project NameCity, Country Total Score Walk Score 1.1 Walkways 1.2 Crosswalk s 1.3 Visually Active Frontage 1.4 Physically Permeabl e Frontage 1.5 Shade and Shelter Cycle Score 2.1 Cycle Network 2.2 Cycle Parking at Transit Stations 2.3 Cycle Parking at Buildings 2.4 Cycle Access in Building Conne ct Score 3.1 Small Blocks 3.2 Prioritize d Connectiv ity Mix Score 5.1 Complem entary Uses 5.2 Accessibil ity to Food 5.3 Affordabl e Housing Densif y Score 6.1 Land Use Density Compa ct Score 7.1 Urban Site 7.2 Transit Options Shift Score 8.1 Off- Street Parking 8.2 Driveway Density 8.3 Roadway Area Central Saint GilesLondon, UK 991433611521111510515101415 105201028 Hammarby SjÖstadStockholm, Sweden 94153362142110 105 61315 105201028 VaubanFreiburg, Germany 901333601421101510513101215 1064201028 Quartier Massena, Paris Rive GaucheParis, France 901433611420111310315101415 10514428 Liuyun XiaoquGuangzhou, China 901433620311101510511101015 105171025 Centro Internacional de BogotáBogotá, Columbia 90113061130111 6515101415 105201028 Bo01, V ä stra HamnenMalm ö, Sweden 901433611421101510511101015 11101201028 HafenCityHamburg, Germany 871333601421101510515101415 105 028 Olympic VillageVancouver, Canada 8612306213210015105941415 105171025 Uptown, ClevelandCleveland, Ohio, USA 841433611320101310311101015 1165171025 Jianwai SOHOBeijing, China 831230621521111310311101015 105121020 GWL TerreinAmsterdam, Netherlands 82153362152111 1051510140015105171025 World Trade Center siteNew York, New York USA 7913336012001115105541015 10514428 Ciudadela El RecreoBogotá, Colombia 79500041421011110115101415 963201028 Puerto MaderoBuenos Aires, Argentina 781333601000001510511101015 14104 028 Pearl DistrictPortland, Oregon, USA 78153362120110 1051161415 1055320 New Quay, DocklandsMelbourne, Australia 781433521321001510511101015 1064 028 Bab Al BahrRabat-Salé, Morocco 7812306210000015105761015 10514428 North Battery Park CityNew York, New York, USA 7710306012010196315101415 10511425 Mission BaySan Francisco, California, 76113061120101 65 61415 10511128 Fruitvale Station VillageOakland, California, USA 76123062120110151051161415 116510028 CorvinBudapest. Hungary 76143361142011151051110107715105 028 Reforma 222 M é xico City, México 751333421101001510511101015 1055005 Marina Bay Financial CentreSingapore 741130611000001510511101015 1165 128 Wilshire Vermont StationLos Angeles, California, USA 7113336012011096315101415 1052020 Bank of America BuildingNew York, New York, USA 70123062120011963501415 105121020 Whampoa GardenHong Kong, China 69133351100000151057610771510512228 South Lake UnionSeattle, Washington, USA 6610306014211096394147715105121020 Kanyon MallIstanbul, Turkey 6510306010000052311101015 14104 028 Neo SuperquadraCuritiba, Brazil 6313336015211132176100015105201028 Grand Gateway 66Shanghai, China 626330002011030311101015 105 028 Special West Chelsea District (High Line Upzoning)New York, New York, USA 6114336112001130311101015 141042020 Digital Media CitySeoul, South Korea 601030601101001510594140015105 028 Uptown, OaklandOakland, California, USA 5810306011010032115101415 121022020 KronsbergHanover, Germany 5813336014211015105501400110201028 Podomoro CityJakarta, Indonesia 5383320000000303101015 10511128 The MixcShenzhen, China 506005011000100011101015 1052020 Metrozone*Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 5000000032100000761015 105 028 Bairro CariocaRio de Janeiro, Brasil 475302004210130384040015105121020 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj*Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 46300021220001310350140096314428 East Liberty station area Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 469306000000013103941400151050000 Empire Estate Pimpri Chinchwad, Maharashtra, India 4980062000000000741215 141045320 Águas Claras - DF Bras í lia, Brazil 4563300010001761761000116513328 Mitikah Phase 1 M é xico City, México 4110333010000050511101000151050000 Rio Vista WestSan Diego, California, USA 40103060122000303541015 3302020 Ciudad del Rio Partial Plan* Medell í n, Colombia 3973300100000303761000151057025 Sikander Bakht Nagar, Behrampur*Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 373000212200052394140076111425 South End station area Charlotte, North Carolina, USA 36103060110100303400400835 028 CETRAM Zapata M é xico City, México 3440040010010321941400151052020 SIPCOT SiruseriChennai, Tamil Nadu, India 220000000000000044000061512228 Sikander Bakht Nagar, BehrampurAhmedabad, Gujarat, India 3000212200052394140076111425 Ciudad del Rio (partial plan)* Medell í n, Colombia 73300100000303761000151057025 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj (Affordable housing at Vadaj)*Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 300021220001310350140096314428 Metrozone*Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 00000032100000761015 105 028

6. Difference between Gold and Silver: Off-street Parking (SHIFT) and Affordable Housing (MIX)

7. Difference between Silver and Bronze: Small blocks and Prioritizing pedestrians and cyclists (CONNECT) and Density (DENSIFY) and mix of uses (MIX)

8. The difference between being TOD or not: The Street Its Design and Active Frontages: WALK, CYCLE, CONNECT

9. Central Saint Giles, London 99 Points An 11-story office building that has 405,000 ft2 of commercial space. A 15-story residential building with 109 dwelling units, half of which are affordable. A pedestrian plaza located between the two buildings at the centre of the site. It is surrounded by 24,500ft2 of ground floor transparent retail & restaurant space.

10. Strong land market = Developer gave land for pedestrian plaza 50% of residential units affordable in exchange for two more floors of commercial Affordable housing requirement in Camden’s site brief

11. Site/Project Name City, Country Total Score Mix Score 5.1 Compl ement ary Uses 5.2 Accessi bility to Food 5.3 Affordable Housing Densify Score 6.1 Land Use Density Comp act Score 7.1 Urban Site 7.2 Transit Options Shift Score 8.1 Off- Street Parking 8.2 Driveway Density 8.3 Roadway Area Central Saint GilesLondon, UK 99 15101415 105201028 Hammarby SjÖstad Stockholm, Sweden 94 1061315 105201028 Vauban Freiburg, Germany 90 13101215 1064201028 Quartier Massena, Paris Rive GaucheParis, France 90 15101415 10514428 Liuyun Xiaoqu Guangzhou, China 90 11101015 105171025 Centro Internaciona l de Bogotá Bogotá, Columbia 90 15101415 105201028 Bo01, V ä stra Hamnen Malm ö, Sweden 90 11101015 11101201028 HafenCity Hamburg, Germany 87 15101415 105 028 Olympic Village Vancouver, Canada 86 941415 105171025 2/2 Densify Camden Council had already highlighted the area as an area for mixed-use and densification, given its proximity to public transport. Current FAR for CSG is 9:1. Previous building was 4:1, and minimum FAR in central London is 5:1

12. Parking At the time of planning, parking regulations were.5 to 1 spaces per residential unit, 1 space per disabled residential unit, 1 space per every 1,000 – 1,500 sq meters of commercial Developer thought that even though they built less than the required, it was still too much. TypeDevelopmentAs per regulationActual Residential109 units54 to 109 spaces10 parking + 2 disabled Commercial37,625 m225 to 37 car spaces 15 spaces for cars 3 disabled spaces 3 service 3 stalls = 15 motorbike spaces 9 stalls = 90 bike parking spaces

13. Pearl District, Portland, USA 78 points

14. TRANSIT Building of streetcar was a joint effort of the Federal and City government and a private investment. The “Streetcar Project” was one of the increment programs that the main developer agreed to participate in.

15. DENSITY: The developer donated the land for the government to built streets, streetcars, and parks, and committed to building a minimum number of units on the remaining land to justify the public investment.

16. Residential density was tied to 3 major projects: MilestoneMinimum Density Required Base Residential Density15 units per acre Lovejoy Viaduct demolition87 units per acre Streetcar construction109 units per acre Jamison Square construction 133 units per acre Commercial: The City of Portland increased the baseline FAR from 2:1 to 4:1 generally.

17. The Ramona Apartments – 180 affordable units Hoyt Street Properties agreed to build approx 35% affordable units in an developer agreement with the city. Oregon banned inclusionary zoning. It was agreed that the ratio of affordable- to-market-rate housing should mirror the income distribution of the city as whole over time, with each new phase of development to be matched to current city demographics. AFFORDABLE HOUSING

18. Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm Gold - 94 points

19. Hammarby Sjostad masterplan

20. FAR of 4:1 Residential parking between 0.25 - 0.5 car parking spaces per dwelling unit

21. MidTown, Cleveland, Ohio 88 points

22. – New buildings must have minimum 3 floors (approx FAR of 3.0) – Buildings must be built to the streetline – Buildings must fill at least 80% of the lot width – Parking minimum must be reduced by half, and parking maximums are to replace minimums – One bicycle parking space for every 20 automobile parking spaces provided

23. Woodward’s, Vancouver BC, Canada

25. DENSITY & LAND USE Zoned as CD1 - customized, mixed-use Density up to 5.0 for market developments and 3.0 FAR for residential. Density bonuses are given for inclusion of social housing and determined on a case by case basis. 27% of all residential units are affordable Woodward’s achieves an FAR of approx 9.6:1 compared to a local average of 5:1.

26. Knowing the Right Regulations Isn’t Enough NameMarketTypeLand Ownership Land Assembly Central Saint Giles StrongRedevelopmtSingle Land Owner (50 years) None Pearl DistrictStrongRailyard Redevelopmt Government owned for most part One developer bought 50% of the site in 1993 HammarbyStrongBrownfieldGovernment ClevelandWeak / Emerging InfillLocal Institutions land-banked Various actors VancouverWeakInfillGovernment (Province and the City) Land was given for free to developer

27. The Elusive Nature of Execution City had a vision: area plans and urban design guidelines Negotiated – developer’s agreements It takes time: 10 – 15 years timeline; developer’s are comfortable with 3 – 5 years Land assembly affects time and costs Knowing the effective power of government and then working within those limitations

28. Smart Government Needed – City vision = predictability for developers Predictability matters to developers. – Good negotiators - can either bring people to a weak market or extract better development or amenities in a strong market – Commitment to the long haul – what are the political timelines that affect this if a development typically takes 10 – 15 years. – Siting is critical and complex – Public investment is critical (transit, upgrading of utilities, land banking remediation)

29. The Role of Government: as illuminated by money The EU has more limited pubic financing options, putting most of the risk on the developer for financing. The government tends to have more funds to directly invest in the area with infrastructure, remediation, amenities. The US has many more creative financing mechanisms due to lack of public sector funds: tax credits, abatements, interest-free or low- interest loans and grants, philanthropic funds.

30. The Role of the Market Gold mostly happened in strong markets Silver and bronze typically happen in emerging or weak markets Mixed-income best achieved in strong markets, where government can leverage the market for some affordable units – cross-subsidy but only with strong governments and strong intervention Be careful about the high financial risk in creating a market or “leading a market” – leverage a strong or strengthening market instead Emerging markets – goal is stabilize market growth and then once stable, ask for more

31. Detailed, integrated area plans In all our EU cases, detailed area plans were developed for the sites by the city. These codified the city’s vision for a mixed use, mixed income community, and defined land uses alongside requirements for energy, water, waste, services and transport infrastructure. EU cases also included quite detailed urban design guidelines defining construction materials, colours, active frontage, on-street parking, provision of parks and other requirements regarding the design of spaces between buildings. The US cases also dedicated resources to writing strong land use plans and some design guidelines for these specific sites.

32. Identity and Branding Sites leveraged historic assets to create an identity for the area In the US that also meant public funds and powers were available to support the project, through protecting those assets.

33. Community Engagement All the Gold Standard projects have engaged with the community at some stage (some later than others) to inform the vision and plans for the area. – This ensures that there is buy-in from the local community and other special interest groups, and allows for a more successful ultimate TOD based on what local needs are (and can prevent protests that would delay projects).

34. Timelines Transit planning and delivery can take 10 – 20 years, with station locations being chosen 7 – 10 years before service comes on-line. A RE development takes 3 – 5 years for pre- development and delivery Large projects including infrastructure took on average 15 years from the initial plans to final construction

35. So what do we talk about when we talk about Equitable TOD?

36. Affordable Housing Focus on sites where the goals of equitable TOD can likely be achieved without becoming embattled during the predevelopment stage Affordable housing may need more creative financing options, including gap financing In the US, takes twice as long to build because of involvement of government and creative financing More expensive to build and generate less revenue (but it’s a more stable type of project b/c funding is guaranteed, usually from government) In the US, projects may be subject to higher design standards, better amenities (although often affordable units are subject to cheaper standards..)

37. Sao Paulo Strategic Plan: A new best practice CITYWIDE PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR ZONING, HOUSING, MOBILITY AND OTHER MORE DETAILED STATUTORY DOCUMENTS PREPARED BY THE CITY ADMINISTRATION AND VOTED INTO MUNICIPAL LAW BY CITY COUNCIL (CAMERA).

38. Select features: Densification w. value capture; mix use, active frontage and public passage incentives; parking disincentives.

39. TOD Areas: 150 meters around corridor 400 meters radius around station

40. DENSIFY: Building rights increased along corridors CORRIDOR FAR MAXIMUM: 4 (X 2) OFF CORRIDORS FAR MAXIMUM: 2 BASIC FAR 1 (AS OF RIGHT) MINIMIAL FAR (VARIES)

41. Value capture DEVELOPMENT ABOVE BASIC FAR (1:1) IS SUBJECT TO URBAN FUND FEES TOWARDS IMPROVEMENTS AND SERVICES

42. mixed use BLDg Incentive GROUND FLOOR COMMERCIAL SPACE IS DISCOUNTED FROM FAR CALCULATION (UP TO 20% OF TOTAL BUILDING FLOOR AREA)

43. ADDITIONAL 50% OF THE LOT AREA DEDICATED TO LOCAL COMMERCE AND SERVICES DISCOUNTED IN THE CALCULATION OF ALLOWED FAR.

44. CONNECT: Public passages PUBLIC PASSAGES PERMANENTLY OPEN ON PROPERTY GET EQUAL AMOUNT OF ADDITIONAL BUILDING RIGHTS (FAR)

45. SHIFT: PARKING DISINCENTIVE REDUCED PARKING PLACES DISCOUNTED FROM FAR CALCULATION: - 1 PER DWELING UNIT (down from 1, 2 or 3 mini. depending on unit size) - 1 PER 100M2 OF NON RESIDENTIAL USE. ADDITIONAL PARKING AREA BECOMES PART OF BASIC BUILDABLE AREA

46. So what do we talk about when we talk about TOD?

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48. Fruitvale Station Village – 74 pts Transformed 5.9 acres of surface parking lots to: 40,000 sq ft retail 115,000 sq ft commercial / community 47 residential units (20% affordable) Intermodal bus facility 200 bike station 150-shared space parking garage 5-story BART parking garage

49. Fruitvale Failed to leverage additional development – In part due to the parking and bus facilities Beset by debt, even though 2/3rds of the funding for this project was grant; the rest very attractive financing term – In part because of the non-revenue generating activities hhh

50. Arlington, VA 3 miles, 5 metro stations 1950’s & 60’s – lumber yards, light industrial Now: – 25 million sq ft of office space – 4 million sq ft in retail – 28,700 dwelling units – 50% of assessed land value along corridor (= 11% of land area) – 26% of county lives along corridor (=8% of land value) jjj

51. Reasons for Success Pedestrian environment; continuous corridor – not just nodes General Land Use Plan sets out framework, but Sector Plans (station area plans for ¼ mile area around station) guided development Dis-incentives for Land Banking: land value assessments are done at highest and best use as indicated by the General Plan – gives incentive for redevelopment. Zoning – Base zoning = 1.5 FAR, 4 parking spaces per 1,000 sq ft – Sector Plan = 3.8 – 10 FAR, 2 parking spaces per 1,000 sq ft – Often zoning changes were made as special exceptions to individual proposals. Increased density is allowed if public improvements (street trees, underground utilities, intersection redesign) are provided by developer – But even then, the approval process was relatively predictable

52. White Flint Metro Suburban location trying to use TOD to create a center Higher density plan (FAR of 2) did not encourage development because – Market was weak for higher density – 42-foot height limit meant long times for rezoning So now, development is linked to changes in the auto- centric infrastructure (mode share target being the evaluative measure) Affordable housing – units not counted towards buildable area (effectively a density bonus) – MoGoCo has a strong inclusionary zoning ordinance – > 50 units – 12.5 % need to be MPDU – Density bonus of 22% percent in addition