1. Chapter 1: Types and Components of Computer Systems
Revision

2. Define hardware, giving examples
1.1 Hardware and Software
Define hardware, giving examples
What is Hardware?
Hardware is the physical parts of the computer system – the parts that you can touch and see. A motherboard, a CPU, a keyboard and a monitor are all items of hardware.

3. 1.1 Hardware and Software What is Hardware?
Hardware is the physical parts of the computer system – the parts that you can touch and see. A motherboard, a CPU, a keyboard and a monitor are all items of hardware.

4. Define software, giving examples
1.1 Hardware and Software
Define software, giving examples
What is Software?
Software is a collection of instructions that can be ‘run’ on a computer. These instructions tell the computer what to do. Software is not a physical thing (but it can of course be stored on a physical medium such as a CD-ROM), it is just a bunch of codes. Examples of Operating Systems (system software) - Windows 8 or Mac OS X
Examples of Applications Software - Microsoft Word or Adobe Photoshop

5. 1.1 Hardware and Software
Define software, giving examples

6. 1.1 Hardware and Software Software Drivers
Hardware drivers are a piece of software that enable the hardware to be installed and run properly on a computer
If the drivers are not installed the hardware will fail to run

7. An iPhone without IOS A PC without Windows 1.1 Hardware and Software
The Difference Between Hardware and Software
Computer hardware is the physical components that make up the computer system. Hardware is useless without software to run on it.
Software is instructions that tell computer hardware what to do. Software is useless unless there is hardware to run it on.
For a computer system to be useful it has to consist of both hardware and software.
Imaging:
An iPhone without IOS
A PC without Windows

8. Main Computer Components
1.1 Hardware and Software
Main Computer Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU is the 'brain' of the computer. It is the device that carries out software instructions.
Motherboard
A motherboard is a printed circuit board found in many modern computer which holds many of the crucial components of the system.
Memory
Any data or instructions that are to be processed by the CPU must be placed into main memory.
Hard drive
A hard disk drive is a hardware device that's used to store information like software and files.

9. Main Computer Components
1.1 Hardware and Software
Main Computer Components
Graphics Card
A graphics card is a device that attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to process and display graphics.
CD/DVD Drive
An optical disc drive that reads and writes all common CD and DVD formats.
Power Supply
The component that supplies power to a computer.
Sound Card
A sound card is a device that attaches to the motherboard to enable the computer to input, process, and deliver sound

10. The CPU is the 'brain' of the computer.
1.2 The main components of computer systems
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The CPU is the 'brain' of the computer.
It is where all the searching, sorting, calculating and decision making takes place.
The speed of the CPU is measured in Gigahertz (GHz).
A 1 GHz CPU can carry out 1 billion instructions per second!
Intel and AMD are the most popular CPU brands.

11. It therefor needs a fan to help it cool down
1.2 The main components of computer systems
CPU Fan
When the CPU is running powerful programs doing billions of calculations a second it can get very hot.
It therefor needs a fan to help it cool down

12. RAM is an example of primary storage
1.2 The main components of computer systems
Main Memory (primary storage)
Also known as Internal Memory, Main Memory, primary memory and primary storage
Main memory is a storage location that holds memory while the computer is running
It’s the fastest memory in your computer and is used to store data while its being used
RAM is an example of primary storage

13. When a program is running the CPU uses RAM memory to run the program
1.2 The main components of computer systems
Main Memory (primary storage)
When a program is running the CPU uses RAM memory to run the program
Programs are installed on the computers hard drive (secondary storage)

14. RAM stands for Random Access Memory
1.2 The main components of computer systems
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM stands for Random Access Memory
RAM is the part of the computer that temporarily stores the instructions that the computer is running, and the data it is processing.
RAM is volatile which means that when the computer is turned off all data is lost

15. ROM stands for Read Only Memory
1.2 The main components of computer systems
ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM stands for Read Only Memory
ROM is a built in memory that can not be changed (it can only be read from)
ROM normally holds the ‘boot up’ program to a computer – without it the computer wouldn’t know what to do when on button is switched on
ROM is non-volatile memory which means that memory is not lost when computer is turned off.

16. Backing storage is also known as secondary storage
1.2 The main components of computer systems
Backing Storage
Backing storage is also known as secondary storage
Backing Storage is normally used to describe other storage devices aside from Main Memory (RAM or ROM)
Backing storage is non-volatile which means that data is not lost when computer is turned off.
Backing storage is used to store data for a long time (data can be read from and written to)

17. Types and Components of Computer Systems
Peripheral Devices
Technically, a computer need only be made up of a CPU and some RAM. But a computer like this would not be much use to anybody – other devices need to be connected to allow data to be passed in and out of the computer. The general name for these extra devices is ‘peripheral devices’. They are usually categorised into input devices, output devices and storage devices.
Input
Output
Storage

18. An input device is a device that can pass date into the computer
Types and Components of Computer Systems
Input Device
An input device is a device that can pass date into the computer
They all take information from the outside world (key presses, hand movements, images), convert them into data and then send this data into the computer for processing.

19. Devices that take data from the computer are known as output devices.
Types and Components of Computer Systems
Output Devices
Devices that take data from the computer are known as output devices.
They all take information from the computer and convert it into real world things (images, paper hardcopy, sound).

20. Provides User Interface Manages computer memory
1.3 Operating systems
Operating Systems
An operating system is a special piece of software that manages the general operation of a computer system:
Task
Explanation
Provides User Interface
Helps the user interact with the computer through Windows, Icons, menus and pointers
Manages Applications
Starting and stopping applications when user requests
Manages Files
Helping save, organise, find and delete files
Manages computer memory
Decided what should be loaded and deleted from memory
Computer security
Prevents unauthorised access to a system
Manages peripherals
Manages input and out devices such as printers

21. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Command Line Interface (CLI)
1.3 Operating systems
User Interfaces
The system that people use to interact with a computer (to give it commands, to see the results of those commands, etc.) is known as the user interface.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command Line Interface (CLI)
A GUI is an interface built around visual (graphical) things: Windows are regions of the screen used to display information
Icons are small pictures that are used to represent folders, software, etc.
Menus are lists of options the user can select from A pointer is an arrow that can be moved around the screen and is used to select things
Windows XP is an example of an operating system with a GUI.
GUIs are quite easy to use due to the visual nature of the interface – the user has lots of visual clues as to what things do.
The user would see nothing but a black screen. They would have to type a command to make anything happen.
e.g. To copy a text file called NOTES from a floppy disc to the hard drive the user would have to type:
COPY A:\NOTES.TXT C:\
The user would have to learn a whole set of strange commands so that they could make use of the computer system. Plus it was not very interesting look at – no visual clues to tell you what to do next. This meant computers used to be quite difficult to use, so this type of interface is only really suitable for expert users.

22. 1.3 Operating systems
Identify the following GUI’s
Examples of GUI

23. WIMP GUI is an interface built around graphics.
1.3 Operating systems
Graphical User Interface
GUI is an interface built around graphics.
Windows – areas for displaying information
Icons -small images used to represent files/folders or software
Menus - lists of options users can select from
Pointers – arrow that can be moved around the screen to select items
WIMP
GUI’s are easier to use that CLI’s as you don’t have to be an expert user

24. Very difficult to use and really only suitable for expert users
1.3 Operating systems
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Many years ago computers were not powerful enough to process colourful graphics.
Users would therefore only see a black screen in front of them
They would have to type commands to make something happen
Users would have to learn a whole set of commands which meant that computers were difficult to use and suitable for expert users
Very difficult to use and really only suitable for expert users

25. 1.4 Types of computer
Personal Computer (PC) or Desktop
The early 1980s saw a revolution in computing: The creation of computers that were small enough to fit on a desk, and cheap enough that everyone could have their own, personal computer, instead of having to share access to a mainframe.
These computers came to be known as desktop computers, or personal computers (PCs).
A typical PC contained the same basic components as a mainframe computer (CPU, RAM, storage, etc.) but at a fraction of the size and cost.

26. A 'laptop' computer is a light, compact and portable PC.
1.4 Types of computer
Laptop Computer
A 'laptop' computer is a light, compact and portable PC.
Laptops contain a rechargeable battery so that they can be used even when not plugged in to a mains power supply. They also have a built-in LCD monitor.
To make them as portable as possible, most laptops try to avoid any sort of cable or wire. Instead of a mouse, a touchpad is used. Instead of a wired connection to a network or printer, 'wireless' radio connections are used.

27. 1.4 Types of computer
Tablet Computer
Thanks to popular tablets like the iPad, the whole idea of what a tablet PC is has changed.
Modern tablets are thin and light with touchscreens that respond to finger touch--no stylus or keyboard needed.
They connect to the internet via Wi-Fi or mobile broadband 3G or 4G networks, just like smartphones.
Some tablets make getting work done on the go easier, while others prioritize entertainment. The best tablets balance long battery life with speedy performance.

28. 1.4 Types of computer
Smart Phone
A smartphone is a device that lets you make telephone calls, but also adds in features that, in the past, you would have found only on a personal digital assistant or a computer.
Key Smartphone Features
Operating System: In general, a smartphone will be based on an operating system that allows it to run applications.
Apps: While almost all cell phones include basic applications (additional apps can be downloaded)
Web Access: More smartphones can access the Web at higher speeds, thanks to the growth of 4G and 3G data networks. Access to the internet can allow users to:
Browse, stream, download, communicate and share files.