1. (Corporate) Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
“Business of tomorrow
is not only about products
or productivity
it is more about the way
how business is done … »
(corporate): we will have a look through the “companies glasses” (business economics - Betriebswirtschaftslehre) and not the “political economics” (Volkswirtschaftlehre)
Environment Protection falls back behind the economical and social questions of globalisation
The general understanding of sustainability gives more stress to the social edge of the triangle
There is a lot of movement towards new management and leadership models
SME in the worldwide supply chain have to follow the trends

2. Agenda Sustainable indicator systems Management systems
Characteristics of an EMS, e.g.
ISO 14001
EMAS
Requirements for an EMS in a company
Example: Life Cycle Assessment
Assignment: Ecological Footprint

3. 1. Sustainable indicator systems

4. 1. Sustainable indicator systems
welche Elemente müssen gemessen werden, um beurteilen zu können, ob ein EMS vollständig ist

5. 1. Sustainable indicator systems
Develop written environmental policy
Baseline resource use and waste
Determine significant aspects and impacts
Set action plans for priority aspects
General environmental awareness training
Control legal and other requirements

6. 1. Sustainable indicator systems
Environmental Aspect
Element of an organisation’s activities, products or services that can interact with and impact the environment
Environmental Criteria
Surroundings in which an organisation interacts, including air, water, land, natural resources, biodiversity (flora & fauna), human health and their interrelation
Environmental Impact
Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation’s activities, products or services

7. 1. Sustainable indicator systems
Six Step Environmental Management Plan:
Create an Environmental Policy Statement
Determine Environmental Priorities
Define Actions to Address Priorities
Implement the Plan
Measure Effectiveness
Review
This will put your mind on a path to sustainability and continuous environmental improvement
Requirements from clients, customers, citizens, stakeholders , Public policy

8. 1. Sustainable indicator systems

9. 1. Sustainable indicator systems
Massive increase of demand for leadership courses after Sept. 11 (Babson College: plus 34 % with course „leadership and influence“
„If there‘s any minor silver lining that one can take from such horrific events, it‘s that it has forced companies to begin to assess more carefully the impact and effectiveness of their leaders (Douglas Ready, president of ICEDR, Int. Consortium of executive Development Research)
examples!

10. its products or services meet the organisation’s objectives, such as
2. Management system
A management system means what the organisation has to manage concerning its processes or activities in order that
its products or services meet the organisation’s objectives, such as
satisfying the customer's requirements,
complying to regulations or
meeting environmental objectives
To be really efficient and effective, the organisation can manage its way of doing things by systemising it.
Nothing important is left out.
Everyone is clear about who is responsible for doing what, when, how, why and where.
Management system standards provide the organisation with an international, state-of-the-art model to follow.
Large organisations, or ones with complicated processes, could not function well without management systems.
Companies in such fields as aerospace, automobiles, defence or health care devices have been operating management systems for decades.
What does "international standardization" mean?
When the large majority of products or services in a particular business or industry sector conform to International Standards, a state of industry-wide standardization can be said to exist. This is achieved through consensus agreements between national delegations representing all the economic stakeholders concerned - suppliers, users and, often, governments. They agree on specifications and criteria to be applied consistently in the classification of materials, the manufacture of products and the provision of services. In this way, International Standards provide a reference framework, or a common technological language, between suppliers and their customers - which facilitates trade and the transfer of technology.
The ISO 9001 and ISO management system standards now make these successful practices available for all organisations.
Implementing a quality management system must be a strategic decision
Must be consistent with other business strategies
Can be integrated with other management systems such as environmental, occupational health & safety, financial & risk management
QMS controls must focus on:
product conformity; consistency; continual improvement; enhancing customer satisfaction
timescales for reaching objectives and targets

11. 2. Management systems (e.g.)
Quality Management and Environmental Management
ISO 9001 and ISO are among ISO's most well known standards ever.
They are implemented by more than a million organisations in 175 countries.
ISO 9001 helps organisations to implement quality management.
ISO helps organisations to implement environmental management.
ISO's name
Because "International Organization for Standardization" would have different acronyms in different languages ("IOS" in English, "OIN" in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), its founders decided to give it also a short, all-purpose name. They chose "ISO", derived from the Greek isos, meaning "equal". Whatever the country, whatever the language, the short form of the organization's name is always ISO.
ISO is made up of 162 members ( ) which are divided into three categories.
153 full time staff from 26 countries
Finance: 140 million CHF (55% through membership fees 45% through sales of publications and other income from services)
See:
What does "international standardization" mean?
When the large majority of products or services in a particular business or industry sector conform to International Standards, a state of industry-wide standardization can be said to exist. This is achieved through consensus agreements between national delegations representing all the economic stakeholders concerned - suppliers, users and, often, governments. They agree on specifications and criteria to be applied consistently in the classification of materials, the manufacture of products and the provision of services. In this way, International Standards provide a reference framework, or a common technological language, between suppliers and their customers - which facilitates trade and the transfer of technology.
What benefits does international standardization bring to businesses?
For businesses, the widespread adoption of International Standards means that suppliers can base the development of their products and services on reference documents which have broad market relevance. This, in turn, means that they are increasingly free to compete on many more markets around the world.
What benefits does international standardization bring to customers?
For customers, the worldwide compatibility of technology which is achieved when products and services are based on International Standards brings them an increasingly wide choice of offers, and they also benefit from the effects of competition among suppliers.
What's different about ISO 9001 and ISO 14001?
The vast majority of ISO standards are highly specific to a particular product, material, or process. However, ISO 9001 (quality) and ISO (environment) are "generic management system standards". "Generic" means that the same standard can be applied to any organization, large or small, whatever its product or service, in any sector of activity, and whether it is a business enterprise, a public administration, or a government department. ISO 9001 contains a generic set of requirements for implementing a quality management system and ISO for an environmental management system.
Generic standards can be applied to any organization.
Plan – Do – Check – Act
The Plan – Do – Check – Act (PDCA) cycle is the operating principle of ISO's management system standards.
Plan – establish objectives and make plans (analyze your organization's situation, establish your overall objectives and set your interim targets, and develop plans to achieve them).
Do – implement your plans (do what you planned to).
Check – measure your results (measure/monitor how far your actual achievements meet your planned objectives).
Act – correct and improve your plans and how you put them into practice (correct and learn from your mistakes to improve your plans in order to achieve better results next time).
News:
ISO's social responsibility standard approved for publication ( )
ISO 26000, which gives organizations guidance on implementing social responsibility (SR), has successfully passed the last development phase and been approved for publication as an ISO International Standard. ISO targets publication on 1 November 2010.

12. 2. Management system ISO 9001 is for quality management.
Quality Management and Environmental Management
ISO 9001 is for quality management.
Quality refers to all those features of a product (or service) which are required by the customer.
Quality management means what the organisation does to
ensure that its products or services satisfy the customer's quality requirements and
comply with any regulations applicable to those products or services.
Quality management also means what the organization does to
enhance customer satisfaction, and
achieve continual improvement of its performance.

13. 2. Management systems
ISO 9001 Quality Management (development )

14. 2. Management systems
Environmental Management
ISO is for environmental management. This means what the organisation does to:
minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities,
to conform to applicable regulatory requirements, and to
achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.
Why is an EMS Important?
To provide assurance of environmental performance to key stakeholders – marketing and reputational benefits
Save money in key activity areas
To formalise the approach to environmental management
To provide a systematic approach that engages the organisation at all levels
To help ensure compliance with environmental legislation and regulation.
NB – An EMS is a tool not a solution in itself
Barriers to Implementation
Implementation may be costly – especially for large organisations and those with multiple sites
Implementation can be very time consuming
Costs associated with training personnel
Costs associated with hiring consultancy assistance
Technical costs associated with monitoring impacts
Where to start? The process can seem overwhelming

15. ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 are generic standards.
2. Management system
Quality Management and Environmental Management
ISO 9001 and ISO are generic standards.
Generic means that the same standards can be applied:
to any organisation, large or small, whatever its product or service is,
in any sector of activity, and
whether it is a business enterprise, a public administration or a government department.
Generic also signifies that no matter what the organization's scope of activity
if it wants to establish a quality management system, ISO 9001 gives the essential features
or if it wants to establish an environmental management system, ISO gives the essential features.
Both ISO 9001 and ISO concern the way an organisation goes about its work.
They are not product standards.
They are not service standards.
They are process standards.
They can be used by product manufacturers and service providers.
Processes affect final products or services.
ISO 9001 gives the requirements for what the organization must do to manage processes affecting quality of its products and services.
ISO gives the requirements for what the organization must do to manage processes affecting the impact of its activities on the environment.
Collect Performance Requirements for an EMS
Legislation
Regulations
Codes of practise (branches)
Consents, Licences, Permits
ISO 14001, EMAS
Policy, Objectives, targets

16. 3. Characteristics of an EMS
ISO SYSTEMIC REQUIREMENTS 4.1
CONTINUOUS
IMPROVEMENT
MANAGEMENT
REVIEW
4.6
ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY
4.2
VERIFICATION
CORRECTIVE ACTION
4.5
Compare: PDCA-cycle
ISO 14001:2004 is an environmental management standard. It specifies
a set of environmental management requirements for environmental management systems. The purpose of this standard is to help all types of organizations to protect the environment, to prevent pollution, and to improve their environmental performance.
4.1 Systemic requirements: Establish an environmental management system that complies with the ISO standard.
Document your environmental management system in accordance with the ISO standard.
Implement your environmental management system in accordance with the ISO standard.
Maintain your environmental management system in accordance with the ISO standard.
Continually improve your environmental management system in accordance with the ISO standard.
4.2 Policy requirements:
Establish your organization’s environmental policy.
Define your organization’s environmental policy.
Document your organization’s environmental policy.
Implement your organization’s environmental policy.
Maintain your organization’s environmental policy.
Communicate your organization’s environmental policy.
4.3 Planning requirements
4.3.1 Identify your environmental aspects.
Establish procedures to identify the environmental aspects of your activities, products, and services.
Implement procedures to identify the environmental aspects of your activities, products, and services.
Document the environmental aspects of your organization’s activities, products, and services.
Maintain procedures to identify the environmental aspects of your activities, products, and services.
4.3.2 Clarify legal and other requirements.
Establish procedures to identify and clarify the legal and other requirements that apply to your organization’s environmental aspects.
Implement procedures to identify and clarify the legal and other requirements that apply to your environmental aspects.
Maintain procedures to identify and clarify the legal and other requirements that apply to your environmental aspects.
4.3.3 Establish objectives and programs.
Establish environmental objectives and targets.
Implement environmental objectives and targets.
Maintain environmental objectives and targets.
Establish programs to achieve your organization's environmental objectives and targets.
Implement programs to achieve your environmental objectives and targets.
Maintain programs to achieve your environmental objectives and targets.
4.4 Operational requirements
4.4.1 Provide resources and establish jobs.
Provide the resources needed to support your organization’s environmental management system.
Provide the resources needed to establish your environmental management system.
Provide the resources needed to implement your environmental management system.
Provide the resources needed to maintain your environmental management system.
Provide the resources needed to improve your environmental management system.
Establish environmental management roles, responsibilities, and authorities.
Define your environmental management roles, responsibilities, and authorities.
Document your environmental management roles, responsibilities, and authorities.
Communicate your environmental management roles, responsibilities, and authorities.
Appoint someone to assume the role of management representative.
4.4.2 Deliver training and awareness programs.
Make sure that people, who perform tasks that could potentially have a significant environmental impact, are in fact competent.
Establish your environmental training programs.
Identify your organization’s environmental training needs.
Deliver training programs that meet your environmental training needs.
Maintain a record of your organization’s environmental training activities.
Establish a procedure to make people aware of your environmental management system.
Implement your environmental awareness procedure.
Maintain your environmental awareness procedure.
4.4.3 Establish communication procedures.
Establish a procedure to control your organization’s internal environmental communications.
Implement your organization’s internal environmental communications procedure.
Maintain your organization’s internal environmental communications procedure.
Establish a procedure to control your organization’s external environmental communications.
Implement your organization’s external environmental communications procedure.
Maintain your organization’s external environmental communications procedure.
4.4.4 Document your environmental management system.
Document your organization’s environmental objectives.
Document your organization’s environmental targets.
Document the scope of environmental management system.
Document the main parts of environmental management system.
Describe how the parts of your organization's environmental management system interact.
4.4.5 Control environmental management documents.
Control documents required by the ISO standard.
Control documents required by your environmental management system.
Control your environmental management system records.
4.4.6 Control environmentally significant operations.
Identify those operations that are associated with your organization’s significant environmental aspects.
Establish procedures to manage and control operational situations that could have significant environmental impacts.
Document your environmental operational control procedures.
Implement your environmental operational control procedures.
Maintain your  environmental operational control procedures.
Establish procedures to control the significant environmental aspects of the goods and services provided by your suppliers and contractors.
Implement your environmental supplier and contractor control procedures.
Maintain your environmental supplier and contractor control procedures.
4.4.7 Establish an emergency management process.
Prepare for emergency situations and accidents that could have a significant impact on the environment.
Establish procedures to identify potential emergency situations and accidents that could have an impact on the environment.
Implement procedures to identify potential emergency situations and accidents that could have an impact.
Maintain procedures to identify potential emergency situations and accidents that could have an impact on the environment.
Establish procedures to respond to actual emergency situations and accidents that have an impact on the environment.
Implement procedures to respond to actual emergency situations and accidents that have an impact.
Maintain procedures to respond to actual emergency situations and accidents that have an impact on the environment.
Test your environmental emergency response procedures.
Respond to actual environmental emergencies and accidents.
Prevent or mitigate the adverse environmental impacts that emergencies and accidents can and do cause.
Review and revise your environmental emergency preparedness and response procedures.
4.5 Checking requirements
4.5.1 Establish monitoring and measurement capabilities.
Establish procedures to monitor and measure the operational characteristics that could have a significant impact on the environment.
Implement your organization's environmental monitoring and measuring procedures.
Maintain your organization's environmental monitoring and measuring procedures.
Use calibrated or verified environmental monitoring and measuring equipment.
Maintain your organization’s environmental monitoring and measuring equipment.
Keep a record of your environmental monitoring and measuring activities.
4.5.2 Evaluate legal and other compliance.
Evaluate compliance with legal requirements.
Establish a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with all relevant legal environmental requirements.
Implement a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with all relevant legal environmental requirements.
Maintain a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with all relevant legal environmental requirements.
Record the results of your organization's legal environmental compliance evaluations.
Evaluate compliance with other requirements.
Establish a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with other environmental requirements.
Implement a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with other environmental requirements.
Maintain a procedure to periodically evaluate how well your organization complies with other environmental requirements.
Record the results of your organization's other environmental compliance evaluations.
4.5.3 Deal with your nonconformities.
Establish nonconformance management procedures.
Implement nonconformance management procedures.
Maintain nonconformance management procedures.
Change documents when nonconformities make it necessary.
4.5.4 Control your environmental records.
Establish environmental records for your organization.
Establish procedures to control your environmental records.
Implement procedures to control environmental records.
Maintain procedures to control environmental records.
4.5.5 Perform internal environmental management audits.
Plan the development of an internal environmental management audit program.
Establish your environmental management audit program.
Implement your internal environmental management audit program.
Maintain your internal environmental management audit program.
Establish an environmental management audit procedure.
Implement your internal environmental management audit procedure.
Maintain your internal environmental management audit procedure.
Conduct internal audits of environmental management system.
Report internal audit results to your organization’s management.
4.6 Review requirements
Perform environmental management reviews.
Review the suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness of your environmental management system.
Assess opportunities for improvement.
Assess whether or not your environmental management system should be changed.
Assess whether or not your organization’s environmental policy should be changed.
Assess whether or not your organization’s environmental objectives should be changed.
Assess whether or not your organization’s environmental targets should be changed.
Keep a record of your environmental reviews.
In short ...
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Policy from senior management
4.3 PLANNING
Know how the business effects the environment
Operations / activities
Products / services
Legal and other requirements
Know what requirements must be met
Objectives and targets
Aimed at improving performance based on policy and knowledge of aspects
Programme
Responsibilities, actions, resources, and timescales for reaching objectives and targets
4.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
Structure and responsibility
Management representative
Who does what for ‘key activities’
Specialist skills / technology / resources as required
Training awareness and competence
‘Key activities’ undertaken by competent personnel; necessary education, training and experience
Communication
Internal and external
4.4.4 & 5 System documentation and control
EMS description in writing
Documents controlled
Operational control
For ‘key activities’ : written instructions, operating criteria, characteristics and limits
Performance of suppliers and subcontractors
Emergency preparedness and response
Plans - established, maintained, reviewed and tested
4.5 CHECKING / CORRECTIVE ACTION
Monitoring and measuring
‘Key activities’, objectives, targets, legislation and regulations
Calibration and maintenance
4.5.2 Non-conformance / corrective and preventive action
Problems and near misses
Records
EMS audits
Undertake activities as planned
Meet requirements of ISO 14001
Systematic, planned
4.6 MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Is the EMS suitable, adequate and effective
Change and improvement
PLANNING
4.3
IMPLEMENTATION
OPERATION
4.4

17. + ISO 14001 Most widely recognised and adopted standard
> 130,000 organisations certified worldwide
Well established, good reputation
Internationally recognised
Can take a long time to implement – especially within large complex organisations
Can be costly to implement – tools and consultancy
See additionally:
Costs for ISO implementation are calculated based upon the size of the organisation, e.g. annual turnover, number of sites and number of employees, and are therefore quoted on a bespoke (“maßgeschneiderte”) basis.
ISO is the world largest standards developing organization. Between 1947 and the present day, ISO has published more than International Standards, ranging from standards for activities such as agriculture and construction, through mechanical engineering, to medical devices, to the newest information technology developments.
Given the multi-sector scope of the organization, it would be hard to present an historical perspective summarizing the challenges, the passion, the outstanding achievements or, sometimes, the missed opportunities, in the large variety of sectors covered by ISO’s technical work.  
We have therefore chosen to highlight the key markers in the history of the organization from a general perspective.
Environmental management and other management standards
ISO's portfolio of generic management systems standards was extended beyond quality during the 1990s.
In particular, the establishment of the ISO technical committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, was the result of a sequence of activities, leading to a coordinated world response to common environmental challenges.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, was a major conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3-14 June 1992, attended by 110 heads of State and a total of 172 governments. Some representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) attended, with people at the parallel NGO Forum who had so-called "consultative status".
UNCED issued the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, a set of principles for achieving sustainable development, along with Agenda 21, a comprehensive policy guidance document, and a number of agreements - including the Framework Convention on Climate Change which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.
Environmental concerns were not new in ISO. For example, ISO technical committees developing standards for air and water quality were established in 1971.
However, the focus on environmental standards intensified in the preparatory period leading up to the 1992 Earth Summit, in which ISO and its partner IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) became directly involved. UNCED wanted to ensure that business was fully engaged in the process. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) was established as a result of these efforts. This WBCSD approached the two international standards organizations to see what they were doing in the area of environmental management and to encourage them to become more active.
This request from WBCSD came at a time when work was already in progress within the ISO/IEC Presidents' Advisory Board on Technical Trends and other instances of the two organizations. As a result, in August 1991, ISO and IEC formally established the Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment (SAGE) to study the situation and make recommendations.
The SAGE process had two major end products:
a series of ISO/IEC recommendations on environmental management, which were submitted to the UNCED preparatory conference in January 1992; and
in October 1992, a recommendation to create a new ISO technical committee to develop standards in the area of environmental management.
The recommendations to UNCED became a key element of the major documents that came out of that conference, Agenda 21, and the Rio Declaration.
The recommendation to ISO and IEC led to the creation in 1993 of ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, which held its inaugural plenary session in Toronto in June of Its first standard, ISO 14001, Environmental management systems -- Specification with guidance for use was published in 1996 (ISO/TC 207 News article, PDF, 132 kB).
The tremendous impact of ISO 9001 and ISO on organizational practices and on trade has stimulated the development of other ISO standards and deliverables that adapt the generic management system to specific sectors or aspects:
Food safety
Information security
Supply chain security
Medical devices
Local government
Education and so on …
If you don’t already have an environmental management system (EMS), you can use this ISO standard to establish one. And once you’ve established your EMS, you can use it to manage the environmental aspects of your organization’s activities, products and services, and to improve its overall environmental performance. Environmental performance is all about how well you manage and control your environmental aspects and the impact they have on the environment.
You can also use this standard to demonstrate that you are doing everything you can to protect the environment and improve your environmental performance. You can demonstrate your organization’s commitment in several ways:
You can simply announce to the world that your EMS complies with the ISO standard (if it actually does).
You can ask your customers or other interested parties to confirm that your EMS complies with the ISO standard.
You can ask an ISO registrar or external auditor to verify that your EMS complies with the ISO standard.
ISO expects organizations to comply with all of the requirements that make up the standard. No exceptions. According to ISO, every ISO requirement must be built into every EMS. However, the size and complexity of environmental management systems vary quite a bit.
How far you go is up to you. The size and complexity of your EMS, the extent of your documentation, and the resources allocated to it will depend on many things. How you meet each of the ISO requirements, and to what extent, depends on many factors, including:
The size of your organization.
The location of your organization.
The scope of your organization’s EMS.
The content of your environmental policy.
The nature of your activities, products, and services.
The environmental impact of your environmental aspects.
The legal and other requirements that must be met. 17

18. + EMAS Eco-Management Audit Scheme Participation started in 1995
EMAS Regulation was adopted by the EU Council in 2001.
about participating Europe wide (June 2010)
Compatible with ISO but more stringent and prescriptive, e.g public reporting, the demonstration of legal compliance
Participation opened in April 1995
„Gemeinschaftssystem für das Umweltmanagement und die Betriebsprüfung" der europäischen Union.
Voluntary scheme
Aim
To promote continual improvements in the environmental performance of organisations
Means
Tools allowing to assess, to manage and to control environmental aspects of activities (Implementation of an EMS), and to establish a report on environmental performance in a credible way
Outcomes
Better management of environmental issues and credible information on these issues
Who can participate in EMAS ?
Any organization, private or public, dedicated to improving its overall environmental performance
Folie integrieren!
The EMAS development
27 EU Member States + European Economic
Area (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein)
Candidate countries (Croatia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey)
EMAS II
Participation to all sectors, public and private
Compatibility with EN ISO 14001
New communication tools: EMAS logo & environmental statement
Involvement of employees
Environmental Legal compliance
Increased credibility and transparency
EMAS III: Foreseen changes
Enhance Environmental Legal compliance
Report on Key Performance Indicators
EMAS global
Cluster approach and corporate registration
Reduction of Administrative Burden
Harmonization
Wider Use of the logo
Increase Incentives
Why choose EMAS? Most robust management scheme on the market
Good environmental management
Compliance environmental legislation
Resources savings and cost reduction
Credibility: environmental info validated by independent organism controled by Member States
Marketing tool: EMAS logo & environmental declaration: improved image, confidence and transparency
Access to new markets/ customers
Improved relations with public authorities, other businesses, customers, citizens, regulator
Improved work environment, employee motivation
Get incentives in some Member States 18

19. EMAS goes further than ISO 14001
+ Employees Participation
+ Public Reporting
ISO/EN ISO
14001 (2004)
If the organisation has already ISO 14001?
The ISO has been considered as a previous stage to reach EMAS certification
The organization needs:
Environmental Legal compliance die Einhaltung aller umweltrelevanten Rechtsvorschriften
Verification Environmental Management System
Validation Environmental Statement
Continuous improvement of environmental performance
Information to Public
Employees participation
Public participation
+ Legal Compliance
+ Performance
improvement

20. EMAS is a systematic approach
Initial env. review
Continuous improvement
PLAN
Environmental policy
ACT
Management review
Planification
CHECK
Implementation DO
Compare slide 16 (ISO 14001)
Plan – Do – Check – Act
The Plan – Do – Check – Act (PDCA) cycle is the operating principle of ISO's management system standards.
Plan – establish objectives and make plans (analyze your organization's situation, establish your overall objectives and set your interim targets, and develop plans to achieve them).
Do – implement your plans (do what you planned to).
Monitoring and measurement

21. EMAS in Europe

22. EMAS in Germany and the Netherlands
Total number
of records
Austria
Belgium
Germany
France
Italy
Netherlands
Slovakia
Spain ……
Total
Country Number
of sites
616
445
1.887 34
1.460 5 6
1.527 ……
7.738
Number of
Organisations
250 60
1.395 34
1.035 5
1.217 ……
4513
Stand 10.Juli 2010

23. EMAS in different sectors (Germany)

24. +
ISO vs. EMAS
ISO 14001
EMAS
Performance improvement required periodically – no defined frequency.
Annual performance improvement required.
An initial environmental review is recommended, but is not a requirement.
An obligatory initial environmental review is required when the organisation initially sets out its environmental status.
Only a commitment to comply with applicable legal requirements. There is no compliance audit.
Obligation to demonstrate full legal compliance, which is confirmed with a compliance audit.
No open communication with the public regarding the progress and results of the EMS.
Public Environmental Statements are annually produced for the public to access.
Involvement of employees is not required.
Active involvement of employees and their representatives is required throughout.
EMS tools can help you to:
Manage EMS documentation consistently
Assist with production of documents e.g. aspects and impacts, procedures and audit checklists
Keep documents up to date and live through notifications
Track, monitor and improve performance
Manage performance data
Produce EMS and performance reports
Methods: Previous audits, checklists, documentation review & collation
ISO 14004: Organizations with an existing environmental management system may not need to undertake such a review,
although such a review could assist them in improving their environmental management system.
The review should cover the following four key areas:
a) identification of environmental aspects, including those associated with normal operating conditions,
abnormal conditions including start-up and shut-down, and emergency situations and accidents;
b) identification of applicable legal requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes;
c) examination of existing environmental management practices and procedures, including those associated
with procurement and contracting activities;
d) evaluation of previous emergency situations and accidents.
The review can also include additional considerations, such as
— an evaluation of performance compared with applicable internal criteria, external standards, regulations,
codes of practice and sets of principles and guidelines,
— opportunities for competitive advantage, including cost reduction opportunities,
— the views of interested parties, and
— other organizational systems that can enable or impede environmental performance.
The results of the review can be used to assist the organization in setting the scope of its environmental
management system, developing or enhancing its environmental policy, setting of its environmental objectives
and targets, and determining the effectiveness of its approach to maintaining compliance with applicable legal
requirements and other requirements to which the organization subscribes.
The review can be conducted using checklists, process flowcharts, interviews, direct inspection and past and
current measurements, results of previous audits or other reviews depending on the nature of the
organization's activities, products and services. The results of the review should be documented so that it can
be used to contribute to setting the scope and establishing or enhancing the organization's environmental
management system, including its environmental policy. 24

25. 4. EMS Requirements for a company
Baseline or Initial Environmental Review
Identify scope of the review:
Entire organisation or just parts
Activities/operations you can control and those that you can influence
Identify which key activities cause environmental impact:
Waste production
Energy use
Production itself
Procurement
Water use
Grounds Maintenance
Transport
Construction
Identify significant areas for review e.g.
Estates
Production
Objectives and Targets for a Company
Clear written statement
Concise (prägnant/präzise/kurz) but complete
Related to impact not solutions
Quantifiable S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Realistic
T - Time bound
If you don’t already have an EMS, ISO suggests that you start with a review of your organization’s environmental status. Your environmental review should:
Identify your organization’s environmental aspects. Study normal and abnormal operating conditions, as well as accidents, disasters, and emergency situations. Identify the environmental aspects associated with all operating conditions and situations.
Clarify the legal and other requirements that apply to your organization’s environmental aspects. Legal requirements include national and international as well as local and regional laws and regulations. Other requirements include agreements that have been established with governments, customers, community groups and others as well as commitments, guidelines, principles, or codes of practice that influence how your environmental aspects ought to be handled.
Examine your organization’s current environmental management policies, procedures, and practices. Pay special attention to your organization’s purchasing and contracting policies, procedures, and practices.
Define the scope of your EMS. When ISO asks you to define the scope of your EMS, it is asking you to define its boundary. You can choose to apply ISO to the entire organization or only to a specific operating unit or facility. Once you’ve made this decision, you’ve defined the scope or boundary of your EMS. Henceforth, all activities, products, and services that fall within this boundary must comply with the ISO standard.
Once you’ve considered the above factors, you can begin the development of your organization’s unique environmental management system.
But if you’ve already established an EMS and you simply need to update it to meet the new standard, you need to do a gap analysis. A gap analysis will compare your current EMS with ISO’s new ISO standard.
This comparison will pinpoint the areas that fall short of the standard (the gaps). Once you know where to focus your attention, you can begin to make the changes that are needed to comply with the new ISO standard. 25

26. 4. EMS Requirements for a company
Baseline or Initial Environmental Review – e.g. Waste
Produce a checklist for an initial environmental review of Waste Management and Electricity
Identify key roles, responsibilities and competence – Managers, Operational Staff, Contractors
Review history of the site - Audits, Incidents, Complaints,
Identify activities that Legislation will apply to.
Identify current practices and procedures
Remember: This is a initial or baseline review so don’t loose yourself in too much details!
Some checklist questions to get e.g. the Waste Management under control:
Identify key roles, responsibilities and competence
Who has responsibility for Waste Management on an organisational basis?
Are there any staff members that have significant responsibilities on a departmental level e.g. hazardous waste. What are there responsibilities?
What training have they had?
Review history of the site
Have you got any copies of audits
Do you know about any history of complaints or incidents?
Identify activities that Legislation will apply to:
Is waste stored on site?
Is waste segregated onsite?
Is any hazardous waste produced?
Are any other specifically regulated waste streams produced e.g. WEEE, Batteries
How is waste disposed of?
Practices and procedures
What types of waste are produced?
Any processes that produce high volumes of waste?
Who handles the waste?
Where is the waste stored?
Are there any written procedures?
Any targets set?
Are the waste stored securely with containers labelled clearly?
How much is recycled or recovered?
Is the correct documentation in place and completed adequately?
How do you ensure that legislation is complied with?
How are the waste contracts managed? Regular meetings, targets etc?
What kind of documents do you want to review?
Drainage Plans
Waste Transfer, Consignment Notes, Carrier Registration
Discharge Consents
Display Energy Certificates
Pesticide/Herbicide Register
Training Records
Procedures
Ensure that documents are:
Complete
Filed efficiently
Up to date
Indexed
ISO 14004: Methods that can be used to examine existing environmental management practices and procedures include
a) interviews with persons previously or currently working for or on behalf of the organization to determine the
scope of the organization's past and current activities, products and services,
b) evaluation of internal and external communications that have taken place with the organization's interested
parties, including complaints, matters related to applicable legal requirements or other requirements to
which the organizations subscribes, past environmental or related incidents and accidents,
c) gathering information related to current management practices, such as
1) process controls on purchasing hazardous chemicals,
2) the storage and handling of chemicals (e.g. secondary containment; housekeeping, storage of
incompatible chemicals),
3) controls on fugitive emissions,
4) waste disposal methods,
5) emergency preparedness and response equipment,
6) use of resources (e.g. use of office lights after working hours),
7) vegetation and habitat protection during construction,
8) temporal changes in processes (e.g. changes to crop rotation patterns affecting fertilizer discharges to
water),
9) environmental training programmes,
10) review and approval process for operational control procedures, and
11) completeness of monitoring records and/or ease in retrieving historical records.
The review can be conducted using checklists, process flowcharts, interviews, direct inspection and past and
current measurements, results of previous audits or other reviews depending on the nature of the
organization's activities, products and services. The results of the review should be documented so that it can
be used to contribute to setting the scope and establishing or enhancing the organization's environmental
management system, including its environmental policy. 26

27. Aspects and Impacts 4. EMS Requirements for a company
Activity
Aspects
Impacts
Disposal of general waste
Use of natural resources, emissions to air, releases to land, use of land space.
Depletion of natural resources, climate change, local public nuisance, contamination and depletion of land.
(Use of electricity
Use of natural resources, emissions to air
Depletion of natural resources, climate change)
Aspects and Impacts
You need to record and document how your organisations’ activates interact with the environment.
The element that interacts with the environment is the aspect:
Emissions to air
Releases to water
Releases to land
Use of raw materials and natural resources
Local community issues e.g. production of noise, traffic congestions
Use of energy
Production of waste
Biodiversity
The impact is the change to the environment that occurs e.g. local air pollution, climate change, public nuisance, depletion of natural resources
If you have produced your list of aspects and impact and considered conditions you need to produce a procedure to assess the significance of your aspects
There is no prescriptive approach for the methodology:
Produce consistent results
Establish and apply criteria e.g.
Legal issues
Level of associated environmental impact
Stakeholder concern
Tip: Keep the methodology simple
Def.:
HAZARD
The potential to cause harm (direct or indirect)
LIKELIHOOD
The probability that a particular hazard will be released
IMPACT
The effect on the environment should a hazard be realised
RISK INDEX
Combination of impact and likelihood
IDENTIFY CCPs AND APPROPRIATE CONTROLS FOR EACH HAZARD
Identify critical control points (e.g. QM -> HACCP)
Decide the appropriate control mechanism
Complete the aspects and impacts on the template register 27

28. Suggested Scoring Matrix
4. EMS Requirements for a company
Suggested Scoring Matrix
Criteria
Severity
Score
Legislation or regulation
Legislation/regulation applied 5
Level of associated impact
High – Of importance locally and/or nationally
Low – not considered of significant importance locally and/or nationally 2
Stakeholder concern
High – stakeholder concern evident
Low stake holder concern not evident
Stakeholder Concern
As determined by the level of concern (or interest) shown or likely to be shown, by the groups or interested parties such as:
Management
Employees
Students
Local Community
Local Authorities/ Environment Agency
Strategic Business Partners
Professional Bodies
Funding Bodies
You need to identify a process to identify and keep track of legal and other requirements that apply to your organisation.
Other requirements include guidelines, agreements, codes of practice etc.
Suggested procedure
Assign responsibility for identifying requirements
Identify sources of information – e.g. NetRegs, ENDS, EAUC. Others?
Review key areas of impact and identify requirements
Produce a Legal Register
Unsure you receive monthly communication and undertake updates
“Significant aspect” = score 4-5
You may want to add in more complex criteria and ‘medium‘ levels (2-3) 28

29. 4. EMS Requirements for a company
The Environmental Policy
Your Policy will:
Be informed by your baseline audit and aspects and impacts analysis
Form a framework for setting objectives and targets
Your policy must:
Be relevant to the nature, scale and activities of the organisation
Undergo senior management consultation and endorsement
Include key commitments – Legal compliance, Continual Improvement, Pollution Prevention
Be regularly reviewed and publically available
Also consider that the best Policies:
Are short and clear (one-page document)
Make meaningful, easily understood commitments
Written using clear, direct language that is accessible to a wide variety of audiences.
Make a statement of overall responsibility and ownership
Review the example policies in your groups. Make a note of their strengths and weaknesses and produce an outline policy.
If you currently have a Policy in place what would you like to change, or strengthen
Your Policy also needs to be communicated to your organisation – how would you do this?
Objectives and targets form the basis of your continuous improvement and should be set on all of your policy commitments
Ensure O&T’s are realistic in terms of financial resources, staff time and technology available to you.
An objective is a general aspiration or performance goal e.g. To investigate the application of renewable energy or reduce energy use. Objectives can apply on an organisational or departmental level.
Several targets may be set on your objectives. Targets should be realistic, measurable and time bound e.g to reduce carbon emissions by 5% by 2012.
Also identify key staff members.
How will you measure performance against your targets?
Management Performance Indicators – e.g. number of employees trained in waste management, funds invested in carbon management programme, number environment reps enlisted.
Operational Performance Indicator – e.g. Tonnes of waste recycled, Kwh consumption of electricity
Environmental condition levels – e.g. Nitrate levels in local brook, changes in number of protected species.
Identify methods of data collection, management and reporting e.g. energy management software, returns from contractors 29

30. Examples (be concrete)
Objective
Target
Indicator
(To ensure legal compliance
To achieve 100% legal compliance by 2011
Number of identified legal non-compliances)
To reduce waste going to landfill
Increase recycling rate to 50% by 2011
1) Tonnes of waste going to landfill
2) Tonnes of waste recycled
(To reduce energy consumption
10% reduction in energy consumption by 2011
KWh of electricity)
...
Based on your draft policy comments start to draft potential objectives and targets on an organisational level.
Think:
Specific - e.g reduce water use in the production department
Measurable - e.g reduce water consumption by 2%
Accountable - e.g energy manager and head technician
Realistic - what technology, finance and time is available?
Time bound – by 2011 30

31. 5. Life Cycle Assessment
A simple overview of a complex process … everything is connected
A simple overview of a complex process … everything is connected
A life cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is the investigation and evaluation of the environmental impacts of a given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.
The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental and social damages assignable to products and services, to be able to choose the least burden some one. At present it is a way to account for the effects of the cascade of technologies responsible for goods and services. It is limited to that, though, because the similar cascade of impacts from the commerce responsible for goods and services is unaccountable because what people do with money is unrecorded. As a consequence LCA succeeds in accurately measuring the impacts of the technology used for delivering products, but not the whole impact of making the economic choice of using it.
The term 'life cycle' refers to the notion that a fair, holistic assessment requires the assessment of raw material production, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's existence. The sum of all those steps – or phases – is the life cycle of the product. The concept also can be used to optimize the environmental performance of a single product (ecodesign) or to optimize the environmental performance of a company.
Common categories of assessed damages are global warming (greenhouse gases), acidification (soil and ocean), smog, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, eco-toxicological and human-toxicological pollutants, habitat destruction, desertification, land use as well as depletion of minerals and fossil fuels.
The procedures of life cycle assessment (LCA) are part of the ISO environmental management standards: in ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006. (ISO replaced earlier versions of ISO to ISO )
Source: R. E. Ricklefs’ Economy of Nature 31

32. Learning Objectives Get acquainted with LCA
Understand how to conceptually apply the main steps of LCA
Understand some of the difficulties and/or limitations of each LCA step
LCA kennen lernen
Verstehen, wie die wesentlichen Schritte des LCA Konzepts anzuwenden sind
Die Schwierigkeiten und/oder Grenzen jedes LCA Schrittes verstehen

33. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
LCA is a method that considers energy and raw material consumption, different types of emissions and other important factors related to a specific product’s entire life cycle from an environmental point of view.

34. LCA Brief History
Started in the early 1970s to investigate energy requirements of different processes
Emissions and raw materials were considered later
Numerous variants of LCA “methods” were developed and/or investigated initially
A widely accepted series of guidelines and definitions was published by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC)
Today ISO is considered the LCA standard

35. LCA Main Steps Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope (ISO 14040)
Step 2: Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041)
Step 3: Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)
Step 4: Improvement Assessment / Interpretation (ISO 14043)
Only a short overview, more slide 40

36. 5. Life Cycle Assessment Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
To be seen is an sample of a life cycle for a product (left) and the percentage of the usage of energy in it´s life cycle (right).

37. 5. Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Stages

38. The more processes, the more complex …
5. Life Cycle Assessment
The more processes, the more complex …
Energy
Water
Energy
Water
Manufacturing
Process
Energy
Water
Manufacturing
Process
Raw Materials
Manufacturing
Process
Gas Waste
Raw Materials
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Gas Waste
Raw Materials
Energy
Water
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste
Manufacturing
Process
End Product
Gas Waste
Solid Waste
Liquid Waste 38

39. …and more! Everything is changing
5. Life Cycle Assessment
…and more! Everything is changing
Suchen Sie drei Ökobilanzen verschiedener Unternehmen und vergleichen Sie diese hinsichtlich Aufbau, Weiterentwicklung in den Jahren und Aussagefähigkeit für die Stakeholder. 39

40. 5. Life Cycle Assessment Framework ISO 1404x
Interpretation
(ISO 14043)
Goal and Scope
Definition
(ISO 14040)
Inventory
Analysis
(ISO 14041)
Impact
Assessment
(ISO 14042)
Improvement Assessment /
The “International Organisation for Standardisation =“ISO” is situated in Geneva/Switzerland
( ).
Europe (EN-European Norm), Germany (DIN-Deutsche Industrienorm) Common standards of certification: ISO 9001 (Quality Management) or ISO (Environmental Management)
Goal: To Quantify inputs and outputs for a system in terms of a standardized unit of measure.
The scope and structure of the LCA are directly dependent upon the unit of measure (functional unit):
Energy embodied in a single product;
Green house gasses produced per unit product;
Tons of carbon produced per volume of product;
Volume of water consumed per mass of product…
Goal and Scope of LCA must be formulated at the outset of the project, and the functional unit must be defined.
LCA Process is described in ISO and Standards.
Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope (ISO 14040)
Step 2: Inventory Analysis (ISO 14041)
Step 3: Impact Assessment (ISO 14042)
Step 4: Improvement Assessment / Interpretation (ISO 14043)

41. Example: Coffee Maker
Interesting homepage: howstuffworks …
Source:

42. Step 1: Goal Definition & Scope
Establish purpose & goal
Define decision criteria, function & functional unit
Define system boundaries
Life cycle stages (top right)
Time
Place (down right: world/country etc.)
Determine required data quality / sources

43. Step 1: Coffee Maker Purpose of LCA? Decision criteria?
Determine how to improve the environmental performance of a coffee maker
Decision criteria?
Total energy consumed, equivalent CO2 produced, eco-indicator 99 score
Function of a coffee maker?
Functional units?
Cups of coffee poured, Time coffee is warmed
System boundaries?
Five years of use, Europe, production, use & end-of-life stages
EI99 – EcoIndicator99: DerÖko-Indikator 99 ist eine schadensorientierte Methode der Lebensdauerbewertung.
Z.B. auch zu Aufzügen:

44. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 1
How do you compare different products that provide similar functions or services?
How do you compare similar products that provide multiple functions or services?
How do you define more abstract functional units such as entertainment from toys or higher self-respect?
Where do you stop drawing the bounds to your system?

45. Step 2: Inventory Analysis
Make a process tree or flow chart classifying events in a product’s life cycle
Determine all mass and energy inputs and outputs
Collect relevant data!
Make assumptions for missing data
Establish (correct) material and energy balance(s) for each stage and event

46. Input/output diagram for single stage or unit operation
Step 2: Inventory Analysis (cont.)
Input/output diagram for single stage or unit operation
Evtl. noch raus!
Source: EPA Life-Cycle Design Guidance Manual, EPA Report no. EPA/600/R-92/226, p. 104.

47. Step 2: Coffee Maker
Understand the product components & materials first
Rested (bottom) View
Top (internal) View
Stückliste
Bottom (internal) View
Heater View
Total View
Source:

48. Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.)
Simplified process tree for coffee maker
Injection moulding: Spritzguss (Verfahren zur Kunststoffverarbeitung)
EI99 – EcoIndicator99: DerÖko-Indikator 99 ist eine schadensorientierte Methode der Lebensdauerbewertung.
Z.B. auch zu Aufzügen:
Source:

49. Step 2: Coffee Maker (cont.)
Lifecycle inventory for coffee maker
Boxes for packaging are not included in assessment/inventory
Source:

50. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 2
Finding data is hard and usually very time- consuming
Published data on material loads exists, but is often inconsistent and/or not directly applicable
Obtained data is usually discrete, static and linear (makes many simplifying assumptions)
Mistakes are easily made in quantification
Mass and energy balances may not be correct
Results can be generalized improperly

51. Step 3: Impact Analysis Define impact categories
Determine which loads affect different impact categories
Assign indicators to impact categories
Weigh importance of each category
Environmental Impact
Environmental Load
greenhouse effect
ozone layer depletion
eutrophication
depletion of abiotic resources
(summer) smog
acidification
copper
CO2
CFC
SO2
NOx
phosphorous
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
heavy metals
PCB
pesticides
styrene
eco-toxicity
depletion of biotic resources
human toxicity
odour
Scalar Indicator
General overview, not in detail!
Copper – Kupfer
Volatile organic compound - Flüchtige organische Verbindung
Styren – Phenylethylen
Depletion – Abbau
Ozone layer depletion – Abbau der Ozonschicht
Eutrophication – Überdüngung (von Gewässern)
Odour - Geruchsbelästigung

52. Step 3: Paper or Plastic? Which is better?...
Carcinogene – Krebs erzeugende Stoffe

53. Step 3: Coffee Maker
Source:

54. Difficulties & Limitations of Step 3
Subjective, subjective, subjective!
Impact categories chosen
Indicators chosen for impact categories
How metrics / load affect impact indicators
Weightings used for impact categories
Where are the impacts occurring?
U.S., Europe, Brazil?
Is there damage already in the area being impacted?
How much can that area take before it breaks down? Or can it handle it without any problems?
How are managers and engineers supposed to know the effects of every load on the different impacts?

55. Step 4: Improvement Analysis
Identify areas & opportunities for improvement
Evaluate with respect to the original goal definition
Target lifecycle areas/processes/events with large impacts
Large amounts with low hazard
Small amounts with high hazard
Ask yourself: What are the resources required and risks involved?

56. Step 4: Coffee Maker
How to improve coffee maker? Where should we focus?
Source:

57. General Comments / Discussion
A domestic coffee maker is a simple product
How would it be different from a commercial coffee maker (e.g. Starbucks)?
It is fairly representative of appliances - main impact is use phase
What other products is their main impact in the use phase?
Which products is their main impact the production or disposal phase?
Appliances - Haushaltsgeräte
Table Source & Figures from 1st Slide: Ashby and coauthors, 2004, “The CES Eco-Selector – background reading”, 2nd edition, University of Cambridge and Granta Design, pp

58. Summary
Focus should be on the product’s entire lifecycle, not the product itself
We saw the main steps of LCA (ISO )
We saw the limitations & difficulties of each step of LCA
While LCA has various limitations, its underlying philosophy is right on
Further information:
EMAS Helpdesk:
European Union:
European Environment Agency:
ISO (International Standard Organization):
European Committee for Standardization:
World Standards Services Network:
SME portal:
Green Public Procurement:
EMAS Register:

59. 6. Assignment: Ecological Footprint
Assignments for week 9:
(Introduction ecological footprint)
please read the document on PB Works
and make the 2 assignments:
fill in your own ecological footprint
answer a few questions relating to this method.
 bring the results in class