1. Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 1
Building a German Nation

2. Chapter 23 Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Aim: should nationalism be seen as a force for unity or a cause of division and hatred?
Do Now: Faces of Nationalism, 1-7

3. 1. What is a Nation? -not a state -not a political entity
Usually thought of as combining:
-common history
-common language [problem in Eastern Europe]
-common religion
-self-awareness of group status

4. Impact of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity
French revolutionary ideas stressed the rights of the people. The people come to have their own significance as a unit

5. Reaction to French Revolution
. The French spread their ideals all over Europe. But they dominated the other countries.

6. People in these other countries took up the ideals of the French Rev
People in these other countries took up the ideals of the French Rev. and applied them to their own situation, especially in Germany.

7. Romanticism
An intellectual reaction against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason. Looked more to emotion and feeling as sources of truth. This had been growing up in Germany in the late 18th/early 19th Century.

8. Liberal Nationalism
Nationalism was initially linked with Liberals who, especially in Germany and Italy lead the call for unity versus the old rulers.

9. Liberal Nationalism
The idea of the people making up the nation and nationalism can go well together - idea of popular sovereignty.

10. Failure of Liberal Nationalism in 1848

11. I. Steps Toward Unity
In the early 1800s, German-speaking people lived in a number of kingdoms, Prussia, and the Austrian Hapsburg empire

12. I. Steps Toward Unity
Between 1807 and 1812, Napoleon organized many German states into the Confederation of the Rhine

13. I. Steps Toward Unity
The Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria

14. I. Steps Toward Unity
In the 1830s, Prussia created an economic union between German states called the Zollverein

15. I. Steps Toward Unity
1848 – The Frankfurt Assembly demanded a united Germany under Prussia, but were turned down by Fredrick William IV

16. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Otto von Bismarck, a diplomat from Prussia's Junker class, was named as chancellor
Chancellor of Germany
Period in office: 1871–1890
Date of birth: April 1815
Date of death: July 1898

17. II. Bismarck and German Unity
As Chancellor, Bismarck succeeded in uniting the German states under Prussian rule

18. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Bismarck was a master of Realpolitik – realistic politics based on the needs of the state
This 1887 American political cartoon depicts Bismarck balancing the figures of war and peace on a teeter-totter made up of a powder keg and a board named "European politics". At the same time, he is juggling the great powers of Europe. An artillery piece lies in the foreground.

19. The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they'll sleep at night Otto von Bismarck

20. "Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied
"Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied."     -Otto von Bismarck

21. “The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron.”
Otto von Bismarck

22. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Bismarck built up the army and fought three wars, increasing Prussian power and paving the way for German unity
Franco-Prussian War

23. The Danish War, 1864

24. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria and seized the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark

25. The Austro-Prussian (7 Weeks) War

26. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Bismarck attacked Austria annexed several other north German states

27. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Bismarck dissolved the German Confederation and created a Prussian dominated confederation

28. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

29. II. Bismarck and German Unity
A growing rivalry between France and Prussia led to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870

30. II. Bismarck and German Unity
Napoleon III declared war on Prussia after the “Ems dispatch” but was defeated within a few weeks
Stone of Benedetti - Ems dispatch A memorial stone reminding of the fatal correspondence between King Wilhelm I of Prussia and the french ambassador Earl Benedetti. The telegraphic message of the prussian king to Berlin, which entered history books  under the name of "Ems Dispatch" and the shortened version of the contents, which was published in the press by Otto Graf of Bismarck on July 13, 1870, led to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War 1870/1871.

31. The Prussians surrounded Paris, set up their HQ at the Palace of Versailles, to the SW, and were able to bombard much of the city with Krupps' big new cannons.

32. Germans abusing French

33. III. The German Empire
January William I of Prussia took the title Kaiser and German nationalists celebrated the birth of the Second Reich
On the 18th January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, King William I of Prussia was proclaimed by all the states of Germany to be their emperor.

34. III. The German Empire
A constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature - the appointed Bundesrat, and the elected Reichstag