1. Chapter 8 Operating Systems and Utility Programs

2. Chapter 8 Objectives Identify the types of system software
Summarize the features of several stand-alone operating systems
Summarize the startup process on a personal computer
Identify various network operating systems
Describe the functions of an operating system
Identify devices that use several embedded operating systems
Discuss ways that some operating systems help administrators control a network and administer security
Explain the purpose of several stand-alone utility programs
Explain the purpose of the utilities included with most operating systems

3. System Software What is system software?
Programs that control or maintain operation of the computer and its devices.
The interface between the user, application software, and the computer’s hardware.
Two types are operating systems and utility programs
Operating system (OS) - (sometimes called the platform) coordinates all activities among computer hardware resources

4. What are the functions of an operating system?
Coordinates all the activity of the computer hardware
provide a user interface
manage programs
start the computer
administer security
manage memory
control a network
establish an Internet connection
monitor performance
schedule jobs and configure devices
provide file management and other utilities

5. What is a cross-platform application?
Runs identically on multiple operating systems
Operating System Software Resides on the Hard Drive usually found on the 1st Hard Drive Partition or Drive C:\
Application
Operating System/ Platform D
Operating System/ Platform A
Operating System/ Platform C
Operating System/ Platform B

6. What is booting? Process of starting or restarting a computer
Cold boot Turning on computer that has been powered off
Warm boot Restarting computer that is powered on

7. How does a personal computer boot up?
Step 1. Power supply sends signal to components in system unit
Step 4. Results of POST are compared with data in CMOS chip
Step 5. BIOS looks for system files in floppy disk drive or CD/DVD drive, and then hard disk
Step 2. Processor accesses BIOS to start computer
Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating system loads into RAM
Step 3. BIOS runs tests, called the POST, to check components such as mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards
Step 7. Operating system loads configuration information and displays desktop on screen
BIOS
For more information
visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
then click BIOS

8. What is a recovery disk?
Contains system files that will start computer when computer cannot boot
Also called boot disk

9. What is a user interface?
Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information displays on screen
Three Types:
Command-Line Interface
Menu-Driven Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

10. Menu-driven Interface
Provides menus as a means of entering commands.

11. Command-line Interface
A user type commands or presses special key on the keyboard (Such as function keys or key combinations) to enter data and instructiuons.

12. What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
User interacts with menus and visual images such as icons and buttons

13. What is single user/ multitasking?
Working on two or more programs that reside in memory at same time
Foreground contains program you are using
Background contains programs that are running but are not in use

14. What are other program management features of operating systems?
Enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously
multiprocessing
Can support two or more processors running programs at same time
multiuser
Has duplicate components such as processors, memory, and disk drives
fault-tolerant computer
Continues to operate when one of its components fails

15. There are four ways an OS manages programs:
Managing Programs
There are four ways an OS manages programs:
Real-time operating system (RTOS)
Single-user, single task
Single-user, multi-tasking
Multi-user

16. Real-time operating system (RTOS)
Real-time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. An RTOS typically has very little user-interface capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box" when delivered for use. A very important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system is busy.

17. Single-user, single task
As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computers is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.

18. Single-user, multi-tasking
This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft's Windows and Apple's MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example, it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of an message.

19. Multi-user
A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect the entire community of users. Unix, VMS and mainframe operating systems, such as MVS, are examples of multi-user operating systems

20. Supports two or more processors (CPU)
Multi-Processing
Supports two or more processors (CPU)
Symmetric:
All processors can be used by the system and users alike. No CPU is special.
Aysmmetric:
one CPU does the work of the system, the other CPUs service user requests.

21. What is memory management?
Optimizing use of random access memory (RAM)
With virtual memory (VM), portion of hard disk is allocated to function as RAM
Step 1. The operating system transfers the least recently used data and program instructions to disk because RAM is needed for other functions.
Step 2. The operating system transfers data and program instructions from hard disk to RAM when they are needed.

22. Windows Vista ReadyBoost
Windows ReadyBoost lets users use a removable flash memory device, such as a USB thumb drive, to improve system performance without opening the box. Windows ReadyBoost can improve system performance because it can retrieve data kept on the flash memory more quickly than it can retrieve data kept on the hard disk, decreasing the time you need to wait for your PC to respond.

23. Windows Vista ReadyBoost
ReadyBoost does not cache file writes—it's a write-through cache. That way, you never lose any precious data that's meant to be written to a hard drive. After all, a flash memory key can get yanked out of a system at any time. The cache itself is encrypted using AES-128 encryption, so no one can steal your flash memory key and casually browse through the cache file to see what you've been doing.

24. How does an operating system schedule jobs?
Determines the order in which jobs are processed.
Utilizes a Buffer – a segment of memory for temporary storage of items until needed
Utilizes a Queue – a list in the buffer of jobs waiting to be completed
Utilizes Spooling – sending a job to a buffer instead of directly to a device (printers)
Adjusts schedule based on job’s priority
Receiving data from input device
Sending information to output device
A job is operation the processor manages
Processing instructions
Transferring items between storage and memory

25. What is spooling?
Sending print jobs to buffer instead of directly to printer
Print jobs line up in queue

26. Program that tells operating system how to communicate with device
What is a device driver?
Device Driver
Program that tells operating system how to communicate with device
With Plug and Play, operating system automatically configures any new devices as you install or connect them to the computer
Also called driver
Configuring Devices
The OS configures through a Device Driver or Driver.
Each hardware component of a computer has a device driver.
It is how the OS communicates with the hardware.
Plug and Play
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And then click Plug and Play

27. How do you install a device driver?
Step 3. Click Add a printer link. Follow on-screen instructions.
Step 4. Add Printer Wizard searches for Plug and Play printers on your computer. If it finds any such printers, it installs them.
Step 1. Open Control Panel window. Point to Printers and Other Hardware link.
Step 2. Click Printers and Other Hardware link. Point to Add a printer link.
Step 5. If Add Printer Wizard cannot find any Plug and Play printers, you can select type of printer you want to install. An on-screen prompt may ask you to insert floppy disk, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM that contains necessary driver files to complete the installation of printer.

28. How do you establish an Internet connection?
Windows XP includes New Connection Wizard
Guides user through setting up connection between computer and Internet
Establishing a Network Connection
Provides the means of making a connection to a network including the Internet
Usually a Web Browser is provided for the Internet connection function

29. How does an operating system monitor performance?
Provides program, called performance monitor, that assesses and reports information about system resources and devices
A part of the OS that shows the
performance statistics of the
system.
Useful for troubleshooting
problems or just seeing how
well your system works.
In Windows XP it is located under the Task Manager Dialog Box

30. What is a network operating system?
Allows users to share printer, Internet access, files, and programs on a network
Administers security by establishing user name and password
for each user

31. Administering Security
The OS provides a way to control user access through security authentication.
Example: Logging into this labs computers

32. Controlling a Network
Some Operating Systems are specifically designed to control networks. These types are called Network Operating Systems (NOS).
They coordinate the activities of the network

33. What is a utility program?
System software that performs maintenance-type tasks
Also called utility
Are programs that allows us to perform maintenance or management of our computers.
These include File Managers, Image Viewers, Uninstallers, Disk Scanners, Disk Defragmenters, Diagnostics, Backup, Screen Savers, Spyware/Adware Removers, and Antivirus Utilities.

34. What is a file manager?
Performs functions such as saving, reading copying, renaming, deleting, and moving files
Image viewer displays contents of graphics file when you double click on it
Windows Explorer is the primary file manager in Windows XP

35. What is a personal firewall?
Detects and protects a personal computer from unauthorized intrusions
The latest update to Windows XP automatically enables the built-in personal firewall upon installation
Personal Firewalls
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Personal Firewalls

36. What is an uninstaller? Removes a program and all associated files
In Windows XP, uninstaller is in Add/Remove Programs in Control Panel

37. What is a disk scanner? Detects and corrects problems on hard disk
Searches for and removes unnecessary files

38. What is a disk defragmenter?
Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so programs run faster
fragmented disk
disk after defragmentation process

39. What is a diagnostic utility?
Compiles technical information about hardware and some software
Prepares report outlining problems

40. Video: How to Tell When Your Hard Drive’s About to Die
Protect your hard drive and prevent devastating data loss
low quality (click to start)
high quality (click to start)

41. What is a backup utility?
Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto another storage medium
Most compress files during backup to require less storage space

42. What is a screen saver?
Causes monitor’s screen to display moving image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time
To secure computer, user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate
Screen Savers
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Screen Savers

43. Types of Operating Systems
What are some characteristics of operating systems?
Device-dependent
Runs only on specific type of computer
Proprietary software
Privately owned and limited to specific vendor or computer model
Device-independent
Runs on many manufacturers’ computers
Downward compatible
Works with application software written for earlier version of operating system
Upward compatible
Runs on new versions of operating system

44. What are three categories of operating systems?
Embedded
Network
Stand-alone

45. Stand-Alone Operating Systems DOS, WINDOWS, MAC OS X, UNIX, LINUX
What is DOS (Disk Operating System)? D
Developed in early 1980s for personal computers O
Used command-line interface when first developed, later included menus S
Hardly used today because it does not offer GUI

46. Stand-Alone Operating Systems
Windows Version Year Released
Windows 3.x 1990
Windows NT
Windows
Windows NT Workstation
Windows
Windows Millennium Edition 2000
Windows 2000 Professional 2000
Windows XP 2001
Windows XP SP2 2004
Windows Vista 2006
How do Windows versions compare?
GUI
Clint OS, Connects to Windows NT
Networking support
Network integration
Faster system start-up and shut-down
USB connectivity
Home user

47. What is Windows XP? Fast, reliable Windows operating system
Available in five editions: Home Edition, Professional Edition, Tablet PC Edition, Media Center Edition, and 64-bit Edition

48. What is Windows Vista?
Successor to Windows XP, containing a new interface and new / enhanced features
Available in several editions, grouped into Home and Business categories
Windows Vista
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Windows Vista

49. What are some features of Windows Vista?
Windows Vista Features
Reliability and Performance
Security
Information Management
Appearance and Navigation
Communications and the Internet

50. What is Mac OS X? Available only for computers manufactured by Apple
Macintosh operating system has been model for most GUIs
Mac OS X
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Mac OS X

51. What is UNIX? Used by power users because of its flexibility and power
Most versions offer GUI
Available for computers of all sizes
Unix
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Unix

52. What is Linux? Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system
Open-source softwaree code is available to public
Both a stand-alone and a network operating system
Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

53. Network Operating Systems
What are examples of network operating systems?
NetWare
Designed for client/server networks
Windows Server 2003
Upgrade to Windows 2000 Server
UNIX / Linux
Multi-purpose operating system
Solaris
Version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems
Specifically for e-commerce applications
Solaris
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Solaris

54. Embedded Operating Systems
What is an embedded operating system?
WINDOWS CE
WINDOWS MOBILE
PALM OS
SYMBIAN OS
Found on most mobile computers, PDAs, and other small devices
Windows CE is scaled-down version of Windows

55. What are two operating systems for PDAs?
Windows Mobile for Pocket PC
Palm OS for Palm
Palm OS
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Palm OS
Windows Mobil
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on Windows Mobil

56. What is Embedded Linux?
Scaled-down Linux operating system designed for PDAs, smart phones, smart watches, set-top boxes, Internet telephones, and other devices
Offers many PIM functions

57. What is Symbian OS?
Open-source, multitasking operating system designed for smart phones
Make telephone calls, save appointments, browse Web, send and receive and faxes, and more

58. Stand-Alone Utility Programs
Antivirus Programs
Personal Firewalls
File Compression
Personal Computer Maintenance
What is a virus?
Potentially damaging computer program
Affects computer without user’s knowledge
An unusual message or image is displayed on the computer screen
An unusual sound or music plays randomly
The available memory is less than what should be available
A program or file suddenly is missing
An unknown program or file mysteriously appears
The size of a file changes without explanation
A file becomes corrupted
A program or file does not work properly
System properties change
SIGNS OF VIRUS INFECTION

59. What is an antivirus program?
Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage media, and incoming files
Must be updated frequently

60. What is spyware?
Program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge that secretly collects information about the user
Often enters a computer as a result of a user installing a new program
A spyware remover is a program that detects and deletes spyware

61. What are internet filters?
Programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
Anti-Spam
Programs
Web Filters
Pop-up Blockers

62. What is a file compression utility?
Shrinks size of files to free up room and improve performance
Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files
Two popular utilities: PKZIP and WinZip
File Compression Utilities
For more information visit
scsite.com/dc2007/ch8/weblink
And click on

63. What is CD/DVD burning software?
Writes text, graphics, audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD

64. What is a personal computer maintenance utility?
Identifies and fixes operating system problems and disk problems
Some continuously monitor computer to identify problems before they occur

65. HOMEWORK – Chapter 8 Operating Systems and Utility Programs
Page
Checkpoints
Page 444
READ BUYERS GUIDE 2006
Buy a New PC Computer (Pretend)
You can choose whatever components you want from any supplier or retailer.
Explain to me why you chose this computer and what it will do for you.
Also list the individual components of the computer and the final total cost of the system.
You have a budget of $ 5,000.00
Some Starting Points
Parts Resellers System Resellers