1. 1 Progress Toward Sustainability at Williams College

2. 2 Year 1: Focus on Organizing, Communicating, Inspiring 2007 Objectives and Accomplishments Organizing - Established Zilkha Center for Environmental Initiatives Energy conservation strategies Measurement systems LEED certification for new buildings Expanding focus into other areas of sustainability Sustainable Food Waste Management Paper and Publications Campus Planning Communications: On the web – Blog Net working Student Activism and Involvement Student Newspaper Thursday Night Group Zilkha Eco Reps

3. 3 Managing Sustainability at Williams College Achieving our Board-approved goal of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 to ten percent below their 1990-91 levels will require creative and bold initiatives that call on investments of College time, money, and intellectual efforts. – President Morton Schapiro.

4. 4 Since 1990-91 Williams has increased its energy consumption by 50% (Total Energy Use). Getting the numbers: Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly. Total Energy Use - 100 200 300 400 500 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007 Energy (1000s mmBTU) Fiscal Year Greenhouse Gas Emissions 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 199119921993 19941995 1996199719981999 20002001 2002200320042005 2006 2007 Fiscal Year Tonnes of CO2 (000s) Other Transport No 2 Nat Gas No 6 Electricity Over the same period, greenhouse gas emissions associated with our energy consumption have risen 44% (Greenhouse Gas Emissions).

5. 5 Making it realistic: Strategies for emissions reductions were determined and evaluated. 1.Reduce growth in energy use and emissions. Chart shows Maximum savings. 2.Conserve energy and improve efficiency in our existing infrastructure. 3.Switch to cleaner fuels to minimize emissions associated with remaining heating requirements. 4.Purchase renewable energy certificates (RECs) for remaining electrical requirements. 5.Consider future use of carbon emissions offsets 1. Effects of Emissions Reduction 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 199119921993 1994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012 2013 2014201520162017 201820192020 Fiscal Year Emissions in Metric Tonnes eCO2 10% below 1990-91 Business as Usual 4. Renewable Electricity/Purchasing RECs 3. Cleaner Fossil Fuels 2. Conservation 1. Building Growth Reduce cost of utilities Increase cost of utilities 1. A carbon emissions offset zeros out (offsets) all or part of the green house gas emissions of a party, by reducing the emissions -- or increasing the carbon dioxide absorption -- of another party.

6. 6 2007 Update: In FY07 emissions were reduced by 23% Emissions by Fuel 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 199119921993 1994 1995 1996 19971998199920002001200220032004 2005 20062007 Metric Tonnes (1000’s) eCO2 TARGET ELECTRICITY NATURAL GAS No. 6 OIL Fuel Switching, 12% Biodiesel 1% Electricity 6% Conservation, Weather, 4% Purchased electricity 60% Heating Efficiency, 17%

7. 7 Emissions Predictions - Expanding footprint 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 201820192020 CO2 Emissions (tonnes) Estimated emissions increase due to student center, athletics complex and academic buildings. TARGET

8. 8 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ControlsCoolingHeatingInsulationLightingMotorsRoofingVentilationWindows Energy Conservation Measures by Type – 13 of our largest most energy intensive buildings Tons of eCO2 savings Heating Oil Electricity

9. 9 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Occupancy Expand Occupancy Improve Supply Add Occupancy Recommission Reduce Add Night Use of Existing Improve Space Replace Chiller Replace Interlock Improve Ammonia Solar Heating New Boilers - Add CHP- Gas Install Heat Steam Insulate Steam Add Humidifier Insulate and Pool Cover - Insulate HW Add Skylights Convert Upgrade Change Other Upgrade Exit Change Upgrade Add Photocell Daylighting Convert Change Install Install Lighting Reduce Light Add Variable Replace Old Lighten Roof HVAC Pool Install Kitchen Install Zone Replace ControlsCoolingHeatingInsulationLightingMotorsVentilation RoofingWindows Payback of individual projects varies from 45 yrs to a few months.

10. 10 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Windows Ventilation Roofing Motors Lighting Insulation Heating Cooling Controls 20132012201120102009 Emissions reductions by year and project type based on preliminary implementation plan.

11. 11 Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 201820192020 CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes) Implementing identified energy savings targets moves emissions levels toward our goal. TARGET

12. 12 Emissions Predictions – Fuel Source 0 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 201820192020 Switching to natural gas and hydro electricity pushes emissions closer to target. TARGET 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes)

13. 13 Emissions Predictions – One Scenario to Reaching Goal 19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017 201820192020 Reaching our goal is achievable with renewable energy source availability. TARGET 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 CO2 Emissions (1000 tonnes)

14. 14 Williams College is a small campus, in a small town – not all solutions will come from within our boundaries. We are: Minimizing growth in energy demand Implementing energy conservation measures Changing fuels and energy sources Will we need to look for off campus solutions? RECs Carbon Credits – Offsets Renewable Energy

15. 15 A cap and trade system will make carbon credits a more viable option.

16. 16 Source: McKinsey Abatement Curve McKinsey Abatement curve explores real cost of carbon emissions globally.

17. 17 -$200 -$100 $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Space Temp Daylight Controls Lighting Control Recommission ControlsPhotocell Control Convert CFL Occupancy Sensors Lighting 2Occupancy Sensors Lighting 3 Lighten Roof Color Replace Motors Pool Cover Night Setback Insulate building Upgrade Flourescent Kitchen Hood Controls Metal Halide Lighting Install PRV Recirculation pumps Accent Lighting Steam Distribution Repairs Replace rooftop chiller Solar Heat Gas Co-gen Replace windows HVAC Renovation Add CHP heating Williams College emissions reducing/energy conservation projects shown on a cost/ ton eCO2 basis. Assumptions: Projects have a 20 year life Interest rate: 8% No increase in cost of utilities Cost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2 Assumptions: Projects have a 20 year life Interest rate: 8% No increase in cost of utilities Cost per tonne = NPV/Tonnes eCO2

18. 18 Natural Gas 23% Coal 23% Petroleum 39% Nuclear 8% Renewables 7% % of Mix US Energy Sources Total: 100 Quadrillion BTU Solar 1% Biomass 50% Geothermal 5% Hydroelectric 41% Wind 3% Renewable Sources Total: 6.6 Quadrillion BTU A visionary energy policy and business investment will encourage growth in renewables.

19. 19 $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 $900 Kitchen Hood Controls Exit Sign Lighting Metal Halide Lighting Add Humidifier Install PRV HID Lighting Recirculation pumps Expand Controls Accent Lighting Convert lighting Steam Distribution Repairs Replace Chiller Replace rooftop chiller Pool Dehumidification Solar Heat New Boilers Gas Co-gen Skylights Replace windows Insulate HW HVAC Renovation Changing emissions associated with input fuel can change project selection. Assumptions: Continue using mix of No. 6 oil and Natural Gas for heating. Purchase hydro-electricity, instead of typical grid mix. Coefficient of emissions is 40% of grid.

20. 20 Conclusions: 1.Significant progress toward our goal. 2.Understanding the scope of the issues. 3. Incorporate ‘sustainability’ in broader scope of campus initiatives. 4.Campus engagement. 5.Education And Action!

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