1. METODE SURVEI SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN

2. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES Annual Review of Environment and Resources Vol. 30: 335-372 (Volume publication date November 2005) First published online as a Review in Advance on July 25, 2005 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444 Thomas Dietz, 1,2 Amy Fitzgerald, 2 and Rachael Shwom Diunduh dari: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444…. 25/8/2012 Values are often invoked in discussions of how to develop a more sustainable relationship with the environment. There is a substantial literature on values that spans several disciplines. In philosophy, values are relatively stable principles that help us make decisions when our preferences are in conflict and thus convey some sense of what we consider good. In economics, the term values is usually used in discussions of social choice, where an assessment of the social value of various alternatives serves as a guide to the best choice under a utilitarian ethic (the greatest good for the greatest number). In sociology, social psychology, and political science, two major lines of research have addressed environmental values. One has focused on four value clusters: self-interest, altruism, traditionalism, and openness to change and found relatively consistent theoretical and empirical support for the relationship of values to environmentalism. The other line of research suggests that environmentalism emerges when basic material needs are met and that individuals and societies that are postmaterialist in their values are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. The evidence in support of this argument is more equivocal. Overall, the idea that values, especially altruism, are related to environmentalism, seems well established, but little can be said about the causes of value change and of the overall effects of value change on changes in behavior.

3. Values and Proenvironmental Behavior A Five-Country Survey P. Wesley SchultzP. Wesley Schultz and Lynnette C. ZeleznyLynnette C. Zelezny Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology July 1998 vol. 29 no. 4 540-558 Diunduh dari: http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/29/4/540.short…. 25/8/2012 This multinational study examined the relationship between values, awareness of the consequences for environmental damage, ascribed responsibility, and proenvironmental behaviors. Survey data were collected from college students in Mexico (n = 187), Nicaragua (n = 78), Peru (n = 160), Spain (n = 187), and the United States (n = 345). Measures included items from Schwartz's values instrument, self-reported proenvironmental behaviors, ascribed responsibility, the New Environmental Paradigm, and demographics. Regression analyses revealed a positive relationship between items within self-transcendence (especially the environment-oriented items) and proenvironmental behavior in Mexico, Nicaragua, Spain, and the United States. Additional analyses provided partial support for the extension of Schwartz's model of norm-activation to proenvironmental behavior. Braz. J. Biol. vol.62 no.1 São Carlos Feb. 2002 THE INFLUENCE OF EUCALYPTUS PLANTATIONS ON THE MACROFAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH SALVINIA AURICULATA IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL CALLISTO, M., BARBOSA, F. A. R. and MORENO, P. The influence of Eucalyptus plantations on the structure and composition of macroinvertebrate communities associated with the aquatic fern Salvinia auriculata Aublet were investigated in a high altitude lake bordered by either secondary Atlantic forest or Eucalyptus plantations. Comparisons of the diversity of Chironomidae (Diptera, Insecta) larvae in the littoral zone between these two vegetation types showed higher diversity of larvae in waters bordered by Eucalyptus. The results demonstrated that the predominance of carnivorous taxa among the macroinvertebrate fauna appears to be the major controlling factor for limiting diversity in lake areas bordered by Eucalyptus.

4. An exploratory study of environmental values and beliefs of Japanese adventure tourists in Hawaii. Grybovych, O.Grybovych, O.; Cela, A.; Inui, Y.; Lankford, S. V.Cela, A.Inui, Y.Lankford, S. V. Journal e-Review of Tourism Research 2005 Vol. 3 No. 2 pp. 23-30e-Review of Tourism Research Diunduh dari: http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20063077146.html;jsessionid=91E0AEEF100E7F1D9A67E29FA1FFEA4C…. 25/8/2012 Adventure tourism and ecotourism are becoming increasingly popular among travellers over the world. This study identifies the environmental perceptions of a random sample of Japanese (adventure) tourists (n=69) on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The modified New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale was utilized to measure environmental perceptions of travellers. Despite the small sample size, the data provided a general socio-demographic profile of Japanese adventure tourists, and their environmental perceptions. Overall, survey respondents expressed high environmental consciousness and understanding of the major ecological concerns (as stated in the NEP scale). Study findings may serve to support resource management decisions for the development of adventure tourism that is believed to become a significant niche market in Hawaii.

5. An exploratory study of environmental values and beliefs of Japanese adventure tourists in Hawaii. Grybovych, O.Grybovych, O.; Cela, A.; Inui, Y.; Lankford, S. V.Cela, A.Inui, Y.Lankford, S. V. Journal e-Review of Tourism Research 2005 Vol. 3 No. 2 pp. 23-30e-Review of Tourism Research OXFORD DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHY: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION The way in which an individual perceives the environment; the process of evaluating and storing information received about the environment. It is the perception of the environment which most concerns human geographers because decision-makers base their judgements on the environment as they perceive it, not as it is. The nature of such perception includes warm feelings for an environment, an ordering of information, and an understanding, however subjective, of the environment. The concept of the ‘perceived environment’ has been used to challenge the concept of economic man, which lies at the heart of neoclassical economics and to explain supposedly irrational behaviour, such as moving to a flood- or earthquake-prone location. It is suggested that environmental perception can be seen as a five-stage model: 1. An emotional response. 2. An orientative response with the construction of mental maps. 3. A classifying response as the individual sorts out the incoming information. 4. An organizing response as the individual sees causes and effects in the information. Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/environmental-perception#ixzz25WX8lhudhttp://www.answers.com/topic/environmental-perception#ixzz25WX8lhud

6. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2003) 13, 378–392. An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study Hoy R Bohanon Jr, Jean-Jacques Piadé, Matthias K Schorp and Yves Saint-Jalm Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v13/n5/abs/7500284a.html…. 25/8/2012 During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol. The concentration of selected constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The particulate-phase markers determined were respirable suspended particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load. An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based on CO 2 measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored. These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370 questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five countries. In some countries, dissatisfaction rates above 20% were observed for draft, freshness of air, and noise. The dissatisfaction rates related to tobacco smoke were less than 20%, which is lower than would be predicted based on measured ETS levels. Based on the results of this international pilot study, recommendations are given for future studies of this type.

7. . QUANTIFYING BENEFITS FOR IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER QUALITY Roger Stonner and Horst Goemann Research Association for Agricultural Policy and Agricultural Sociology (FAA), Ferdinand-Lassalle- Strasse 1, D-53175 Bonn, Germany, (faabonn#stonner@t-online.de) Diunduh dari: http://www.ucd.ie/dipcon/docs/theme09/theme09_07.PDF…. 25/8/2012 In this paper the design of an approach for quantifying the benefits of changes in water quality due to reduced diffuse pollution is discussed. The approach bases on the contingent valuation (CV) which is a scientifically accepted method to quantify positive external effects such as changes in environmental quality. The analysis is an integral part of the REGFLUD project. Relevant information regarding the relationships and effects of lower nutrient concentrations in surface waters is provided by expert interviews and a study of literature. The results of expert interviews strongly determine the design of the standardised questionnaire to be developed. Since water quality has been significantly improved in the past due to reduced pollution from point sources experts see only little scope for further improvements triggered by a reduction of diffuse pollution. Additionally, the actual incidence of these effects is regarded uncertain due to regionally varying conditions. Considering simultaneously these results on the one hand and the prerequisites of an accomplishment of CV on the other hand suggests the use of salmon population as the indicator to describe an environmental change scenario to respondents. Based on this scenario respondents are asked to express their willingness to pay (WTP). WTP enters a cost-benefit evaluation of measures aiming at a reduction of diffuse pollution.

8. . J Epidemiol Community Health 2005;59:948-954 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status, and respiratory health: a linkage analysis of routine data from the Health Survey for England Benedict W WheelerBenedict W Wheeler, and Yoav Ben-ShlomoYoav Ben-Shlomo Diunduh dari: http://jech.bmj.com/content/59/11/948.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Study objective: To assess relations between socioeconomic status and local air quality, and combined effects on respiratory health, in the context of environmental and health inequality. Data on people taking part in the Health Survey for England were attributed with a small area index of air pollution using annual mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, benzene, and particulates (PM 10 ). Regression models were used to measure associations between social class, air quality, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), and self reported asthma. Participants aged 16–79 in the Health Survey for England 1995, 1996, and 1997. Urban lower social class households were more likely to be located in areas of poor air quality, but the association in rural areas was, if anything reversed. Low social class and poor air quality were independently associated with decreased lung function (FEV 1 ), but not asthma prevalence, after adjustment for a number of potential confounders. Social class effects were not attenuated by adjustment for air quality. In men, a differential effect of air pollution on FEV 1 was found, with its effect in social classes III to V about double that in social classes I and II (p value for interaction = 0.04). This effect modification was not seen for women. Further evidence of environmental inequity in the UK is provided. The association between FEV 1 and local air quality is of similar magnitude to that with social class, and the adverse effects of air pollution seem to be greater in men in lower social classes.

9. . Current State of the Science: Health Effects and Indoor Environmental Quality Environ Health Perspect. 2007 June; 115(6): 958–964. Published online 2007 January 25. doi: 10.1289/ehp.8987 Clifford S. Mitchell, 1 Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, 2 Torben Sigsgaard, 3 Matti Jantunen, 4 Paul J. Lioy, 5 Robert Samson, 6 and Meryl H. Karol Diunduh dari: http://www.healthyheating.com/Thermal_Comfort_Working_Copy/indoor_environmental_quality_health.htm#.UDlUCqA7 s1U…. 25/8/2012 Our understanding of the relationship between human health and the indoor environment continues to evolve. Previous research on health and indoor environments has tended to concentrate on discrete pollutant sources and exposures and on specific disease processes. Recently, efforts have been made to characterize more fully the complex interactions between the health of occupants and the interior spaces they inhabit. In this article we review recent advances in source characterization, exposure assessment, health effects associated with indoor exposures, and intervention research related to indoor environments. Advances in source characterization include a better understanding of how chemicals are transported and processed within spaces and the role that other factors such as lighting and building design may play in determining health. Efforts are under way to improve our ability to measure exposures, but this remains a challenge, particularly for biological agents. Researchers are also examining the effects of multiple exposures as well as the effects of exposures on vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly. In addition, a number of investigators are also studying the effects of modifying building design, materials, and operations on occupant health. Identification of research priorities should include input from building designers, operators, and the public health community.

10. . Occurrence of Naturally High Cadmium Levels in Soils and Its Accumulation by Vegetation L. J. Lund, E. E. Betty, A. L. Page and R. A. Elliott JEQ. Vol. 10 No. 4, p. 551-556. Published: Oct, 1981 Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/10/4/JEQ0100040551…. 25/8/2012 A survey of soils in the Santa Monica Mountains of Los Angeles and Venture Counties, Calif., was conducted to determine the relationship between parent materials and soil Cd contents. Twenty-four series were sampled and analyzed for Cd after digestion in 4N HNO 3. Residual soils developed from shale parent materials had the greatest Cd concentrations, with a mean of 7.5 µg/g, whereas soils developed from sandstone and basalt had the lowest Cd concentrations, with a mean of 0.84 µg/g. Alluvial soils with parent materials from mixed sources had an intermediate mean Cd content of 1.5 µg/g. A more extensive survey of the dominant soil series of the area was carried out and the Millsholm series, mapped in 30% of the area, was found to have a mean Cd content of 7.3 µg/g. A greenhouse vegetable study conducted with seven soils from the area, representing a range of Cd concentrations, showed that the Cd present naturally in these soils was absorbed by the vegetables in amounts sufficient to be of public health concern.

11. Statistical Evaluation of Effects of Riparian Buffers on Nitrate and Ground Water Quality Timothy B. Spruill JEQ. Vol. 29 No. 5, p. 1523-1538 Published: Sept, 2000 Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/29/5/JEQ0290051523…. 25/8/2012 A study was conducted to statistically evaluate the effectiveness of riparian buffers for decreasing nitrate concentrations in ground water and for affecting other chemical constituents. Values for pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), silica, ammonium, phosphorus, iron, and manganese at 28 sites in the Contentnea Creek Basin were significantly higher (p 20 yr) discharging ground water draining areas with riparian buffers compared with areas without riparian buffers. No differences in chloride, nitrate nitrogen, calcium, sodium, and dissolved oxygen concentrations in old ground water between buffer and nonbuffer areas were detected. Comparison of samples of young (<20 yr) discharging ground water samples from buffer and nonbuffer areas indicated significantly higher specific conductance, calcium, chloride, and nitrate nitrogen in nonbuffer areas. Riparian buffers along streams can affect the composition of the hyporheic zone by providing a source of organic carbon to the streambed, which creates reducing geochemical conditions that consequently can affect the chemical quality of old ground water discharging through it. Buffer zones between agricultural fields and streams facilitate dilution of conservative chemical constituents in young ground water that originate from fertilizer applications and also allow denitrification in ground water by providing an adequate source of organic carbon generated by vegetation in the buffer zone. Based on the median chloride and nitrate values for young ground water in the Contentnea Creek Basin, nitrate was 95% lower in buffer areas compared with nonbuffer areas, with a 30 to 35% reduction estimated to be due to dilution and 65 to 70% due to reduction and/or denitrification.

12. . Geophysical Electromagnetic Survey Methods Applied to Agricultural Waste Sites R. A. Eigenberg, R. L. Korthals and J. A. Nienaber JEQ. Vol. 27 No. 1, p. 215-219. Published: Jan, 1998 Diunduh dari: https://www.crops.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/27/1/JEQ0270010215…. 25/8/2012 This paper reports the use of electromagnetic (EM) instrumentation for surveying agronomic and waste treatment sites at locations previously profiled by soil coring for evaluation of nutrients in the soil profile. Surveys were made using a geophysical EM instrument capable of measuring conductivity 3 to 6 m below the surface of the ground with horizontal or vertical polarization. Two specific sites were analyzed to evaluate the effects of management practices: (i) An animal waste composting site with one section in use since 1985 and with expanded operation to another section in 1989 and (ii) A waste storage pond (operational in 1973) holding precipitation runoff from a cattle feedlot. Correlation analysis between the EM conductivity measurements and chemical analysis at both sites (concentrations of NH + 4, NO − 3, CL −, and P) show significant (P < 0.05) correlations for the ions while P did not show a significant correlation. The EM measures were able to distinguish the 6-yr-old site from the 10-yr-old site (P < 0.05). The results indicate that EM methods provide useful information for shallow subsurface surveys of livestock waste management facilities.

13. . Plant diversity and generation of ecosystem services at the landscape scale: expert knowledge assessment Sandra Quijas, Louise E. Jackson, Manuel Maass, Bernhard Schmid, David Raffaelli, Patricia Balvanera Journal of Applied Ecology Volume 49, Issue 4, Volume 49, Issue 4, pages 929–940, August 2012 Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02153.x/abstract …. 25/8/2012. In spite of the increasing amount of experimental evidence on the importance of plant species richness for ecosystem functioning at local scales, its role on the generation of ecosystem services at scales relevant for management is still largely unknown. To foster research on this topic, we assessed expert knowledge on the role of plant diversity in the generation of services at the landscape scale. We developed a survey that included three levels of organization and seven components of plant diversity; four provisioning, six regulating and four cultural services; as well as three resources and three conditions among key abiotic factors that are likely to provide a contribution to service generation equalling that of plant diversity. Eighty experts in areas of biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and services answered the survey. The experts identified species diversity within a community and diversity of communities within the landscape as the most important levels of organization for service generation, both with positive effects. Composition and number of species were considered to be the most relevant components of plant diversity, the latter with a positive effect on services. Water availability was identified as the most important abiotic resource. Our results suggest different approaches to management for sustaining the generation of services at the landscape scale. Provisioning services were perceived as largely influenced by abiotic resources and less so (although positively) by plant diversity. Regulating services were expected to strongly depend on both plant diversity and abiotic factors. A particularly strong positive effect of plant diversity was expected for the generation of cultural services. Some variation in answers could be attributed to expert background. The expert survey generated detailed information and new hypotheses on the relationship between plant diversity and services at the landscape scale. Future research is needed to test these hypotheses, yet the areas of agreement identified in this study can be used immediately, with caution, as synthetic expert knowledge at spatial scales that are relevant for management, to guide technological and policy interventions ensuring the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery.

14. Stakeholder Perceptions of Changing Ecosystem Services Consumption in the Jinghe Watershed: A Household Survey and PRA CAO Xiaochang, ZHEN Lin, YANG Li, LONG Xin, DU Bingzhen, WEI Yunjie [J]. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2011, 2(4): 345-352. Diunduh dari: http://www.jorae.cn/EN/abstract/abstract8447.shtml…. 25/8/2012 This paper presents cognitive awareness levels of ecosystem services and their consumption by farmers in Guyuan City, which lies in the Jinghe watershed. Household Surveys and Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) were used to determine differences in farmers cognitive awareness levels. The household survey results showed that farmers have a cognitive awareness of 11 ecosystem services: food supply, air purification, environmental purification, soil and water conservation, clean water supply, natural disaster minimization, increasing income, fuel wood supply, aesthetic recreation, fodder supply and sand stabilization. The job-related requirements of a farmers' daily life, their direct consumption of ecosystem services and the importance of ecosystem services to them all influence their cognitive awareness of ecosystem services. Through group interviews the PRA method can provide the opportunity for information exchange and discussion. The process can help farmers to gain more cognitive awareness of ecosystem services. Large changes in ecosystem services have been observed in the study area. Food production and fuel wood supply have decreased markedly, yet incomes have increased. Spatial and temporal variables, changes in ecosystem services and the level of income all have an impact on farmers' food supply and resource consumption. Overall, the total consumption of food (cereal and potato) and fuel wood declines for most farmers and consumption of vegetables, meat, coals and gas have increased.

15. Designing payments for ecosystem services: Lessons from previous experience with incentive- based mechanisms B. Kelsey JackB. Kelsey Jack, Carolyn Kousky, and Katharine R. E. SimsCarolyn KouskyKatharine R. E. Sims Published online before print July 9, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705503104 PNAS July 15, 2008 vol. 105 no. 28 9465-9470 Diunduh dari: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9465.abstract …. 25/8/2012 Payments for ecosystem services (PES) policies compensate individuals or communities for undertaking actions that increase the provision of ecosystem services such as water purification, flood mitigation, or carbon sequestration. PES schemes rely on incentives to induce behavioral change and can thus be considered part of the broader class of incentive- or market-based mechanisms for environmental policy. By recognizing that PES programs are incentive-based, policymakers can draw on insights from the substantial body of accumulated knowledge about this class of instruments. In particular, this article offers a set of lessons about how the environmental, socioeconomic, political, and dynamic context of a PES policy is likely to interact with policy design to produce policy outcomes, including environmental effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and poverty alleviation.

16. Designing payments for ecosystem services: Lessons from previous experience with incentive- based mechanisms B. Kelsey JackB. Kelsey Jack, Carolyn Kousky, and Katharine R. E. SimsCarolyn KouskyKatharine R. E. Sims Published online before print July 9, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0705503104 PNAS July 15, 2008 vol. 105 no. 28 9465-9470 Diunduh dari: http://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9465.abstract …. 25/8/2012 Payments for Environmental Services (PES) Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are one of the tools in the incentive-mechanism box, seeking to "get the incentives right" by supporting and motivating the production of positive externalities in the long run. Most PES schemes have a common basic structural design, in which service beneficiaries (e.g. consumers) pay (through financing and payment mechanisms, cash or in kind) land users for providing environmental services. Figure 1. Operation of PES schemes: a simplified representation Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/es/esa/pesal/ aboutPES5.html 3/9/2012

17. A method to assess ecosystem services developed from soil attributes with stakeholders and data of four arable farms Rutgers, M.; Wijnen, H.J. van; Schouten, A.J.; Mulder, C.; Kuiten, A.M.P.; Brussaard, L.; Breure, A.M. Science of the Total Environment 415 (2012). - ISSN 0048-9697 - p. 39 - 48. Diunduh dari: http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/412694…. 25/8/2012 Ecosystem-service indicators and related accounting units are crucial for the development of decision frameworks for sustainable land management systems. With a management concept using ecosystem services, land-use expectations can be linked to quantifiable soil features in a defendable and transparent way. A method to define a set of site-specific ecosystem services and indication system for quantification was set-up and run. First, we interviewed a wide group of land users profiting from ecosystem services of the soil at four arable farms in the polder Hoeksche Waard (S-SE of Rotterdam, the Netherlands). Subsequently, site-specific ecosystem services were defined and weighted according to land use expectations at different spatial and temporal scales. Second, a practical set of indicators was taken from 'Best Professional Judgment' and used to quantify the performance of the ecosystem services for these four farms. The indicators were derived from biotic and abiotic soil parameters. The performance of ecosystem services was related to a reference situation (MEP: maximum ecological potential) with the same land use and soil type combination (i.e., arable fields on silt loam) taken from the database of our national soil survey. In many cases, the performance of ecosystem services was relatively poor if compared to MEP. However, the performances of natural attenuation and/or climate-related services were better. In addition, the different management of these farms (i.e. conventional, intensive and organic farming) was reflected in the performance of the ecosystem services of their soils. Third, land management measures to improve the targeted ecosystem services were incorporated in the outlined method, but not worked out with illustrative field data in this study. Together with concordant data, we show opportunities for a quantification of ecosystem services to improve land-users' awareness and to assess management sustainability.

18. .Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain Zheng JZheng J, Jiang F, Zeng DJiang FZeng D The Jour. Of Applied Ecology. 2003, 14(6):839-844] Diunduh dari: http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/12973979…. 25/8/2012. To realize the sustainable management of forest ecosystems, we should explicitly clarify the types and differences of the ecosystem services provided by different ecosystems under different conditions, with rethinking about the value of forest ecosystems; then solid management strategies and measurements will be enacted and applied to achieve the objects. The broad-leaved Korean pine forest (BLKPF) in Changbai Mountain is a unique and important forest type in China, owing to its many important ecosystem services such as preventing soil erosion, regulating climates, nutrient cycling, providing wood and non-timber forest products, etc. This paper is a preliminary study on the management strategy of BLKPF on the basis of analyzing the characters of the ecosystems and the relative importance of services they provided in this region. Based on the latest research of ecosystem services of BLKPF in Changbai Mountain, an idea of eco-value level (EVL) was introduced, and accordingly, management strategies were summarized by adopting the advanced theories in ecosystem management science and by analyzing field survey data. EVL means the relative amount of the value of ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystem, which can indicate the difference between services in given objects. The EVL classification of BLKPF implies the relative amount of the eco-value of different ecosystems including virgin forest, secondary forest, forest with human disturbance, and man-made forest in the clear-cutting sites.Korean pine humanman

19. .Eco-value level classification and ecosystem management strategy of broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain Zheng JZheng J, Jiang F, Zeng DJiang FZeng D The Jour. Of Applied Ecology. 2003, 14(6):839-844] Diunduh dari: http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/12973979…. 25/8/2012 Analytical Hierarchical Processing method was used to formulate the equation for EVL index. Eight factors, namely, slope, soil depth, stability of soil maternal material, coverage of above-ground canopy, species diversity, regeneration rate of the stand, life span of dominant tree species, and intensity of human disturbance were chosen to build the formula. These factors belonged to three aspects affecting ecosystem services including the physical environment, community, and disturbance regime, and their selection and scaling were based on the previous studies on the BLKPF. The equation of EVL index (EI) was expressed as: EI = 0.542A1 + 0.171A2 + 0.072A3 + 0.067B1 + 0.043B2 + 0.014B3 + 0.010B4 + 0.081C1. According to the range of EI, ecosystems were classified into three types: low EVL type with EI from 1.000 to 1.874, medium EVL type with EI 1.874-2.749, and high EVL type with EI 2.749-3.623. Typical plots were surveyed and scaled with EI, and the predominant characters of each EVL type were summarized. Most forests of high EVL type were those in sites at high risk of soil erosion and hard to recover after disrupted. Forests of medium EVL type were those with worse community structure and composition, and were disturbed by human activities in relative steep sites. Forest of low EVL type were those in plane site with serious disruption or some young man-made stands. Based on the analyses of the characters of these three types, different management strategies were put forward. For high EVL type forest, strictly protection is most important to maintain the forest in natural succession and its eco-services. For medium EVL type forest, the key points of management are restoring their health and vigor by regulating their composition and structure in a seminatural way. For low EVL type forest, some area could be used to extensive exploration for economic benefits, and the rests should be reconstructed towards the original stand in composition and structure, based on the 'shadow ecosystem' in a close-to-nature way to promote the capacity of providing more eco-services.human man

20. Huan Jing Ke Xue.Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2005 Mar;26(2):5-10. [Willingness to pay for ecosystem services of urban river in Shanghai]. Zhao JZhao J, Yang K, Tai J, Wu EN.Yang KTai JWu EN Diunduh dari: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004291…. 25/8/2012 The contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the most dominating and standard techniques for eliciting the willingness to pay (WTP) for the ecosystem services provided by environment and resources. Taking Zhangjiabang Creek, a model project in the comprehensive management of urban river in China, as a case study, 800 payment card CVM questionnaires were surveyed and 646 as useful questionnaires were feed back in August 2003, then, the mean WTP, 195.07 - 253.04 Yen per person every year in the future 3 years, to the ecosystem services of the urban river was got in the payment card CVM study, and the figure was compared to some other river CVM studies. Distribution shape and range of WTP were probed, and the regression relationship between respondents WTP and their socioeconomic information such as income, education level, donation experience, and environmental attitude was discussed, what's important, an environmental economics explanation was given to the regression results. Some biases which influence the mean WTP of payment card CVM are inspected and corresponding countermeasures were seriously noticed and implemented in the survey. Finally the critiques and controversies that CVM is faced with were advanced, but the reliability of CVM is also given based upon environmental decision-making theory.

21. Measuring Ecosystem Service Benefits: The Use of Landscape Analysis to Evaluate Environmental Trades and Compensation James Boyd and Lisa Wainger April 2003 Discussion Paper 02-63 Diunduh dari: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/10738/1/dp020063.pdf …. 25/8/2012 Ecosystem compensation and exchange programs require benefit analysis in order to guarantee that compensation or trades preserve the social benefits lost when ecosystems are destroyed or degraded. This study derives, applies, and critiques a set of ecosystem benefit indicators (EBIs). Organized around the concept of ecosystem services and basic valuation principles we show how GIS mappings of the physical and social landscape can improve understanding of the ecosystem benefits arising from specific ecosystems. The indicator system focuses on landscape factors that limit or enhance an ecosystem’s ability to provide services and that limit or enhance the expected value of those services. The analysis yields an organized, descriptive, and numerical depiction of sites involved in specific mitigation projects. Indicator- based evaluations are applied to existing wetland mitigation projects in Florida and Maryland in order to practically illustrate the virtues and limitations of the approach

22. Integrating Ecology and Economics for Restoration: Using Ecological Indicators in Valuation of Ecosystem Services Eric T. Schultz, Robert J. Johnston, Kathleen Segerson, Elena Y. Besedin. Restoration Ecology. Volume 20, Issue 3, pages 304–310, May 2012Volume 20, Issue 3, Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00854.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012 Because it can uniquely furnish insights into nonuse values for ecosystem services, survey-based Stated Preference (SP) valuation is widely used to estimate the benefits of ecological restoration. SP surveys ask respondents to select among restoration options yielding different ecological outcomes. This review examines the representation of ecological outcomes in SP studies seeking to quantify values for restoration of aquatic ecosystems. To promote the validity of ecological indicators used in SP valuation, we identified four standards: indicators should be measurable, interpretable, applicable, and comprehensive. We reviewed recent SP studies estimating the value of aquatic ecosystem services to assess whether ecological indicators in current use had these desirable properties. More than half of the 54 indicators reviewed were measurable, meaning referable to potentially precise quantification. About one-third were interpretable, that is, presented in a way that facilitates understanding the effects of restoration. About three quarters of the indicators were applicable; SP valuation practitioners typically consult with natural scientists to ensure that indicators represent the effect of stressors on ecological systems and with focus groups to ensure that indicators have a connection with ecosystem services that contribute to public well-being. While most of the SP studies employed diverse and potentially comprehensive indicators that could capture direct and indirect effects of restoration, and 6 of 20 studies used indicators that met all standards, shortcomings in the indicators were common. These problems can be rectified with attention to how natural scientists measure change and to relationships between restoration outcomes and characteristics of fully restored reference ecosystems.

23. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology (2011) 21, 197–211 Landscape-epidemiological study design to investigate an environmentally based disease Joseph A Tabor, Mary Kay O'rourke, Michael D Lebowitz c and Robin B Harris c Diunduh dari: http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v21/n2/abs/jes200967a.html …. 25/8/2012 Cost-effective approaches for identifying and enrolling subjects in community-based epidemiological studies face many challenges. Additional challenges arise when a neighborhood scale of analysis is required to distinguish between individual- and group-level risk factors with strong environmental determinants. A stratified, two-stage, cross-sectional, address-based telephone survey of Greater Tucson, Arizona, was conducted in 2002–2003. Subjects were recruited from direct marketing data at neighborhood resolution using a geographic information system (GIS). Three geomorphic strata were divided into two demographic units. Households were randomly selected within census block groups, selected using the probability proportional to size technique. Purchased direct marketing lists represented 45.2% of Census 2000 households in the surveyed block groups. Survey design effect (1.6) on coccidioidomycosis prevalence (88 per 100,000 per year) was substantially reduced in four of the six strata (0.3–0.9). Race–ethnicity was more robust than age and gender to compensate for significant selection bias using poststratification. Clustered, address-based telephone surveys provide a cost- effective, valid method for recruiting populations from address-based lists using a GIS to design surveys and population survey statistical methods for analysis. Landscape ecology provides effective methods for identifying scales of analysis and units for stratification that will improve sampling efficiency when environmental variables of interest are strong predictors.

24. Improvement Opportunities for Growers of Ornamental Plants: A Survey of Landscape Architects M.P. Garber1M.P. Garber1 and K. BondariK. Bondari HortScience December 1992 vol. 27 no. 12 1322-1325 Diunduh dari: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/27/12/1322.abstract…. 25/8/2012 A survey of landscape architects in Georgia was conducted to identify opportunities for nurseries to meet the needs of landscape architects and to improve the quality of installed landscapes. The primary opportunities identified for improvement for growers are to provide regular, frequent plant availability (32% of respondents); develop new plant varieties for specific needs (21%); supply plants that meet specified sizes (20%); recommend plant varieties for specific conditions (12%); provide picture of plants (9%); and make presentations to landscape architects (5%). Additional insight into how growers can help landscape architects achieve a higher quality installed landscape was gained from the question, `What is the most common complaint you experience regarding plant material installed?” Landscape architects indicated that plants below specified size (44%) and plants below specified quality (24%) were the two most common complaints.

25. Improvement Opportunities for Growers of Ornamental Plants: A Survey of Landscape Architects M.P. Garber1M.P. Garber1 and K. BondariK. Bondari HortScience December 1992 vol. 27 no. 12 1322-1325 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social- behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and geological conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome. The scope of the profession includes: urban design; site planning; stormwater management; town or urban planning; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a landscape architect.urban designsite planningparks Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of: botany, horticulture, the fine arts, architecture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences, environmental psychology, geography, and ecology. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills.botanyfine artsearth sciencesinfrastructure Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture….. 4/9/2012

26. NANNI, Marcos RafaelNANNI, Marcos Rafael et al. Landscape unit discrimination for pedological surveys by orbital spectral response. Acta Sci., Agron. (Online) [online]. 2010, vol.32, n.3, pp. 555-561. ISSN 1807- 8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v32i3.6144. Diunduh dari: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-86212010000300025&script=sci_abstract…. 25/8/2012 The objective of this study was compare two soil survey methods. The first was performed by methods traditionally used to distinguish landscape units and soil class discrimination. The second was based on soil class distinction through orbital spectral response. In order to establish soil characteristics and their classification, soil samples were collected at two depths in a grid system, with a distance of 500 meters between points. With these samples, physical and chemical analyses were carried out. In the sampling points, the apparent reflectance of the soil, from the orbital image, was determined and, through cluster analysis landscape units were established. In order to evaluate the resemblance reliability between the landscape units established in each method, the Kappa index was used, the value set for the confusion matrix was 0.43, indicating high quality in the comparison, showing that the non-conventional method was as close as the one carried out by photointerpretation.

27. NANNI, Marcos RafaelNANNI, Marcos Rafael et al. Landscape unit discrimination for pedological surveys by orbital spectral response. Acta Sci., Agron. (Online) [online]. 2010, vol.32, n.3, pp. 555-561. ISSN 1807- 8621. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v32i3.6144. EXPLORING FOR COPPER DEPOSITS (teacher's guide) M. R. Farr (Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 ) Sumber: http://www.beloit.edu/sepm/Rocks_and_minerals/exploring_for_copper.html Map showing soil sample grid

28. Sampling large landscapes with small-scale stratification † † Jonathan Bart, Leah Dunn, Amy Leist, Laura Sabin The Journal of Wildlife Management Volume 76, Issue 7, Volume 76, Issue 7, pages 1489–1498, September 2012 Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.384/abstract…. 25/8/2012 This study, carried out for the United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), demonstrated methods for surveying large landscapes using small-scale, habitat-based stratification, a common problem that has heretofore received little attention. The goal was to design a sampling plan for detecting change in the density of breeding birds of 6 species occurring along the Colorado River around and south of Lake Mead in the southwestern United States. The main problem in designing the study was that the focal species were concentrated in small, irregularly shaped patches of habitat. We partitioned the study area into >15,000 plots configured to enclose the high-quality habitat in the fewest possible plots with the constraint that plots could be surveyed in 1 morning by 1 person. Because of the irregular plot shapes and extremely dense vegetation, we used area searches to carry out the surveys. This is one of the first studies to show how large landscapes can be sampled using small-scale stratification so that effort can be concentrated in the habitats of greatest interest. We used double-sampling, including a large sample of plots surveyed with a rapid method and a subsample of plots surveyed intensively, to estimate detection ratios. A simulation study helped allocate effort between rapid and intensive surveys and indicated that conducting 80 surveys per year would achieve high power to detect a 50% decline occurring during 20 years.

29. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL METHOD TO STUDY AGRICULTURAL VEGETATION: SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE PO VALLEY E. GIGLIO Annali di Botanica. Vol 6 (2006). p.95-110 Diunduh dari: http://ojs.uniroma1.it/index.php/Annalidibotanica/article/view/9128…. 25/8/2012 Vegetation is the most important landscape component, as regards to its ability to catch solar energy and to transform it, but also to shape the landscape, to structure the space, to create the fit environment for different animal species, to contribute to the maintenance of a correct metastability level for the landscape, etc. It is a biological system which acts under the constraints of the principles of the System Theory and owns the same properties of any other living system: so, it is a complex adaptive, hierarchical, dynamic, dissipative, self- organizing, self-transcendent, autocatalytic, self-maintaining system and follows the non- equilibrium thermodynamic. Its ecological state can be investigated through the comparison between “gathered data” (pathology) and “normal data” (physiology) for analogous types of vegetation. The Biological Integrated School of Landscape Ecology provides an integrated methodology to define ecological threshold limits of the different Agricultural Landscape types and applies to agricultural vegetation the specific part of the new methodology already tested to studying forests (the Landscape Biological Survey of Vegetation). Ecological quality, better and worst parameters, biological territorial capacity of vegetated corridors, agricultural field, poplar groves, orchards and woody remnant patches are investigated. Some examples from diverse agricultural landscapes of the Po Valley will be discussed.

30. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGICAL METHOD TO STUDY AGRICULTURAL VEGETATION: SOME EXAMPLES FROM THE PO VALLEY E. GIGLIO Annali di Botanica. Vol 6 (2006). p.95-110 Landscape ecology tools used at Forest Research Structural tools use land cover data to produce metrics or indicators based on the habitat requirements of focal species. Functional tools use habitat information from the structural tools to model species movement within the connectivity element to produce habitat networks. There is also scope for analysing pattern metrics or spatially explicit population modelling; these are a developing component of our work. Landscape structure Priorities for landscape planners can often be met by measuring changes in the physical attributes of a landscape (the landscape metrics). Previous work in the Landscape Ecology programme identified important differences between different types of wooded landscape in the UK, primarily differences in the grain, which is the spatial scale of variation in vegetation structure. It is often more helpful to analyse landscape structure in terms of the habitat of a particular species, for example: 1.Total area of habitat 2.Mean size of habitat patches 3.Mean inter-patch distance 4.Variation in patch sizes 5.The number of patches linked by a particular piece of new planting. Diunduh dari: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-69PLA5 …. 4/9/2012

31. Tropical Ecology. 43 (1): 61-74, 2002. ISSN 0564-3295 Soil survey and mapping using remote sensing M.L.MANCHANDA, M.KUDRAT & A.K.TIWARI Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/31988333/Soil-Survey-and-Mapping-Using-Remote-Sensing…. 25/8/2012 Soil survey constitutes a valuable resource inventory linked with the survival of life on the earth. The technological advancements in the field of remote sensing and Geo-graphical Information System have been a boon for such surveys. Present paper describes the role of remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies for mapping and characterizing soils at various scales. The spectral behaviour of soil and its components,which is fundamental to deriving information from remote sensing data, is also discussed with illustrations. Furthermore, the scope of present day remote sensing data for varying levels in-formation generation is also reviewed. Scalable soil-landscape models C ontinuous mapping of soil properties using remote sensing and geophysics (colored image courtesy of Paul Gessler) in combination with probabilistic approaches on the distribution of soil types based on pedological knowledge will provide continuous parameter fields of the subsurface.

32. Tropical Ecology. 43 (1): 61-74, 2002. ISSN 0564-3295 Soil survey and mapping using remote sensing M.L.MANCHANDA, M.KUDRAT & A.K.TIWARI Diunduh dari: http://www.scribd.com/doc/31988333/Soil-Survey-and-Mapping-Using-Remote-Sensing…. 25/8/2012 The spatial heterogeneity of terrestrial systems is a fundamental problem for predicting flow and transport at the scale of catchments scale. The flow paths of water and dissolved chemicals dictate their travel time distribution towards surface waters and their residence times within the unsaturated and saturated zone. They depend on the spatial pattern of soils going along with their specific hydraulic properties. There are no means to measure such properties with a sufficient spatial resolution to identify flow paths in response to the atmospheric boundary conditions. Moreover, each catchment is an individual realization so that knowledge gained at one location is difficult to be transferred to others. Diunduh dari: http://wess.info/wess/research/model_optimisation_monito ring/research_topics/scalable_soil_landscape_models.php 3/9/2012

33. An approach for using soil surveys to guide the placement of water quality buffers Michael G. DosskeyMichael G. Dosskey, Matthew J. Helmers, and Dean E. EisenhauerMatthew J. HelmersDean E. Eisenhauer Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2006 vol. 61 no. 6 344-354. Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/61/6/344.abstract…. 25/8/2012. Vegetative buffers may function better for filtering agricultural runoff in some locations than in others because of intrinsic characteristics of the land on which they are placed. The objective of this study was to develop a method based on soil survey attributes that can be used to compare soil map units for how effectively a buffer installed in them could remove pollutants from crop field runoff. Three separate models were developed. The surface runoff models for sediment and for dissolved pollutants were quantitative, based mainly on slope, soil, and rainfall factors of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and were calibrated using the Vegetative Filter Strip Model (VFSMOD) for a standard buffer design and field management. The groundwater model categorized map units by the presence or absence of suitably-shallow groundwater and hydric conditions for interaction with the root zone of a buffer. The models were applied to a -65 km 2 ) (-25 ml 2 ) agricultural watershed in northwestern Missouri. Data acquisition, calculations, and map production utilized the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). For surface runoff, soil survey-based values correlated strongly with corresponding VFSMOD estimates for sediment (R 2 = 0.94) and dissolved pollutant trapping efficiency (R 2 = 0.83) for a wide range of soil, slope, and rainfall conditions. A strong negative correlation between trapping efficiency and field runoff load was indicated. Mapped results revealed large differences in buffer capability for surface runoff across the test watershed (21 to 99 percent for sediment and seven to 47 percent for dissolved pollutants). Trapping efficiency for dissolved pollutants was much smaller than for sediment in every map unit. Lower values of trapping efficiency were associated with map units where runoff loads are higher and where a buffer will trap greater loads of sediment, but smaller loads of dissolved pollutants, than in units with higher values.

34. An approach for using soil surveys to guide the placement of water quality buffers Michael G. DosskeyMichael G. Dosskey, Matthew J. Helmers, and Dean E. EisenhauerMatthew J. HelmersDean E. Eisenhauer Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2006 vol. 61 no. 6 344-354. Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/61/6/344.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Comparative rankings can be adjusted somewhat for site conditions that depart from the reference conditions, and recalibration may be desired to better account for them. For groundwater, the confluence of hydric conditions and shallow water table occurred only in the highest reaches of the test watershed, but a buffer can also interact with groundwater in most upland and riparian locations due to the prevalence of a seasonally shallow water table. By this approach, soil surveys may be used as a screening tool to guide planners to locations where buffers are likely to have a greater impact on water quality and away from those where impact is likely to be small.

35. Improved indexes for targeting placement of buffers of Hortonian runoff M.G. DosskeyM.G. Dosskey, Z. Qiu, M.J. Helmers and D.E. EisenhauerZ. QiuM.J. HelmersD.E. Eisenhauer Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2011 vol. 66 no. 6 362-372 Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/66/6/362.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Targeting specific locations within agricultural watersheds for installing vegetative buffers has been advocated as a way to enhance the impact of buffers and buffer programs on stream water quality. Existing models for targeting buffers of Hortonian, or infiltration-excess, runoff are not well developed. The objective was to improve on an existing soil survey–based approach that would provide finer scale resolution, account for variable size of runoff source area to different locations, and compare locations directly on the basis of pollutant load that could be retained by a buffer. The method couples the Soil Survey Geographic database with topographic information provided by a grid digital elevation model in a geographic information system. Simple empirical equations were developed from soil and topographic variables to generate two indexes, one for deposition of sediment and one for infiltration of dissolved pollutants, and the equations were calibrated to the load of sediment and water, respectively, retained by a buffer under reference conditions using the process-based Vegetative Filter Strip Model. The resulting index equations and analytical procedures were demonstrated on a 67 km 2 (25.9 mi 2 ) agricultural watershed in northwestern Missouri, where overland runoff contributes to degraded stream water quality. For both indexes, mapped results clearly mimic spatial patterns of water flow convergence into subdrainages, substantiating the importance of size of source area to a given location on capability to intercept pollutants from surface runoff. A method is described for estimating a range of index values that is appropriate for targeting vegetative buffers. The index for sediment retention is robust. However, the index for water (and dissolved pollutant) retention is much less robust because infiltration is very small, compared to inflow volumes, and is relatively insensitive to the magnitude of inflow from source areas. Consequently, an index of inflow volume may be more useful for planning alternative practices for reducing dissolved pollutant loads to streams. The improved indexes provide a better method than previous indexes for targeting vegetative buffers in watersheds where Hortonian runoff causes significant nonpoint pollution.

36. Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of conservation buffer placement strategies in a river basin Z. QiuZ. Qiu, C. Hall and K. HaleC. HallK. Hale Journal of Soil and Water Conservation September/October 2009 vol. 64 no. 5 293-302 Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/64/5/293.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Conservation buffer is a best management practice for repairing impaired streams and restoring ecosystem functions in degraded watersheds. This paper compares the cost- effectiveness of three conservation buffer placement strategies in the Raritan Basin in New Jersey. Three strategies are the fixed-width riparian buffer restoration strategy based on state and local regulatory rules, the variable-width riparian buffer restoration strategy based on a nonregulatory watershed protection initiative and the variable source area—based conservation buffer placement strategy derived from an alternative concept of watershed hydrology. The variable source area—based conservation buffer placement strategy targets the most hydrologically critical source areas in a watershed for buffer placement. A digital elevation model, land use, soil, and stream data are used to identify critical source areas for buffer placement. The results show there are only minor differences in the cost-effectiveness of the fixed- and variable-width riparian buffer restoration strategies and that variable source area-based buffer placement strategy is more cost effective than the fixed- and variable-width riparian buffer restoration strategies. The critical source areas for placing conservation buffers are useful information for local watershed management, soil and water conservation, and land use planning.

37. Erosion probability maps: Calibrating precision agriculture data with soil surveys using logistic regression T.G. MuellerT.G. Mueller, H. Cetin, R.A. Fleming, C.R. Dillon, A.D. Karathanasis, and S.A. ShearerH. CetinR.A. FlemingC.R. DillonA.D. KarathanasisS.A. Shearer Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2005 vol. 60 no. 6 462-468 Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/60/6/462.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Soil surveys provide information about the location of eroded areas across landscapes, but not at a scale that may be necessary for land use planning, precision agriculture, and conservation management. The objective of this paper was to determine whether sitespecific information and logistic regression could be used to improve the spatial resolution of soil surveys. This study was conducted on fragipan soils developed from loess in a western Kentucky agricultural field. Information about the presence and severity of erosion was obtained from a highly detailed first-order soil survey and less detailed second-order county soil surveys. Digital terrain attributes (slope, length-slope factor, wetness), reflectance (visible, red-NIR, and NIR), soil electrical conductivity, and direct contact electrical conductivity were used as regressor variables. Binary variables were assigned a value of one if they were located in eroded map phases and if slope values were greater than or equal to two percent. For all other cases they were assigned values of 0. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was used to develop models that were used to map probability that substantial soil erosion had occurred in the past. The resulting probability maps were remarkably similar for both survey orders indicating that this approach was robust to soil map unit inclusions and classification errors. Erosion probability maps created using the second order soil survey matched in many cases with the boundaries of the first order survey. Our results demonstrated that precision agriculture technologies and logistic regression analysis could potentially be used to improve the value and utility of existing second order soil surveys. Soil and water conservation, management, and planning will be more effective and economical if these methods can be adapted for soils in other regions of the United States.

38. Identifying critical agricultural areas with three-meter LiDAR elevation data for precision conservation J.C. GalzkiJ.C. Galzki, A.S. Birr and D.J. MullaA.S. BirrD.J. Mulla Journal of Soil and Water Conservation November/December 2011 vol. 66 no. 6 423-430 Diunduh dari: http://www.jswconline.org/content/66/6/423.abstract…. 25/8/2012 Determining which portions of agricultural landscapes are major sources of pollution within a watershed is time consuming and labor intensive. Small critical areas of the landscape contribute disproportionate amounts of sediment and phosphorus to nearby waterways. Critical areas are defined here as areas of accumulated overland runoff that are hydrologically connected to surface waters. With advancements in light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies, landscape topography can be represented with highly accurate terrain data. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using LiDAR–based terrain attributes to identify fine-scale critical areas in selected Minnesota watersheds and to analyze cost efficiency of this type of analysis. The LiDAR digital elevation model data were acquired for two south central Minnesota watersheds, and the terrain attributes slope, flow accumulation, and stream power index were calculated with a 3 m (9.8 ft) spatial resolution. Field surveys were conducted in these watersheds along the riparian corridor to identify side inlets and active gullies that contribute to surface water quality degradation. Terrain attributes were able to identify 80% of field-verified gullies in the study watersheds. Furthermore, an even higher percentage of gullies with a high sediment delivery potential were identified using terrain attributes. Gully size was ranked during field surveys, and 31 of the 32 largest gullies ranked in the field were successfully identified with LiDAR–based terrain attributes. In contrast, only 7 of these gullies could be identified using 30 m (98 ft) digital elevation model terrain attributes. The LiDAR approach for identifying critical source areas using terrain attributes has a large potential for cost savings relative to time-consuming field surveys. With an ever-increasing availability of LiDAR data, terrain analysis may prove very useful in the future for targeting best management practices to critical areas for reductions in nonpoint source pollution.

39. The importance of pedological soil survey in land use planning, resource assessment and site investigation E. M. LeeE. M. Lee and J. S. GriffithsJ. S. Griffiths Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 Diunduh dari: Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 …. 25/8/2012 The ever increasing pressure for infra-structural development in the UK heightens the conflict between the different land use demands placed on an area. This is reflected in the need for planning authorities to assess the relative suitability of potential land uses. Such assessments are important in guiding urban development away from good quality agricultural land. It is manifest that such planning decisions should be made on the basis of a comprehensive review of all relevant factors, and in particular, this includes the pedological soil conditions with their controlling influence on the ability of the land to support different land uses. Past pedological studies have tended to concentrate on the evaluation of land suitability for agricultural uses. However, such studies are also of value when assessing the suitability of other potential uses including, forestry, recreational uses, natural resources or general infrastructure development.

40. The importance of pedological soil survey in land use planning, resource assessment and site investigation E. M. LeeE. M. Lee and J. S. GriffithsJ. S. Griffiths Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 Diunduh dari: Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications January 1, 1987, v. 4, p. 453-466 …. 25/8/2012 In site investigations for infrastructure or resource development pedological studies have a role to play both at the feasibility and detailed investigation stages. During a feasibility study, particularly when used in conjunction with a programme of geotechnical mapping, a pedological approach to the examination of point samples can be an important aid in the determination of the areal extent of engineering soil units. In detailed investigations pedological assessments during pitting operations can determine such items as the depth of topsoil to be removed and stored during stripping, if a profile has developed through in-situ weathering of bedrock or a derived superifical cover and will assist in the identification of poor drainage areas In this paper examples are presented of soil surveys used to assess the suitability of areas for recreational use, urban development and forestry. Also, by comparing the approaches to soil description contained within BS 5930, Code of Practice for Site Investigations (British Standards Institution 1981), and the Soil Survey Field Handbook (Hodgson 1974), some recommendations are made for adopting pedological description techniques in geotechnical site investigations.

41. Abella, Scott R.; Denton, Charles W.; Brewer, D. G.; Robbie, W. A.; Steinke, R. W.; and Covington, W. Wallace, "Using a terrestrial ecosystem survey to estimate the historical density of ponderosa pine trees in northern Arizona" (2010). Faculty Publications (SEPA). Paper 375. Diunduh dari: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/sea_fac_articles/375/…. 25/8/2012 The Terrestrial Ecosystem Survey (TES) delineates ecosystems according to their climate, geology, soils, and potential natural vegetation (U.S. Forest Service 1986). Land managers and planners can use this information to help interpret site suitability for natural regeneration, reforestation, and revegetation potential as well as site suitability for road building, range and timber, range structures (watering sources), and other land uses. However, the TES can be used for other purposes as Ganey and Benoit (2002) demonstrated in their report about identifying potential habitat for Mexican spotted owl on national forest lands. Similarly, Bell and colleagues (2009) used the TES and its specific survey units (TESU) to analyze the characteristics of the Woolsey plots in northern Arizona—plots the Forest Service established in the early 1900s to examine tree regeneration. In our study, we identified historic ponderosa pine densities on various TES mapping units and then correlated our findings with what the TESU predicted we should find.

42. A survey of long-term terrestrial ecology studies in Australia K. N. YOUNGENTOB, G. E. LIKENS, J. E. WILLIAMS, D. B. LINDENMAYER. Austral Ecology. Article first published online: 18 JUL 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02421.x © 2012 The Authors. Austral Ecology © 2012 Ecological Society of Australia Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02421.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012 Long-term ecological studies (LTES) are critical for understanding and managing landscapes. To identify important research gaps, facilitate collaborations and communicate results, several countries have established long-term ecological research networks. A few initiatives to create such a network in Australia have been undertaken, but relatively few published data exist on the current state of LTES in Australia. In this paper, we present the results of an online survey of terrestrial LTES projects sent to academic, government and non-governmental organization-based researchers across Australia. We asked questions pertaining to the focus, scope, support and outcomes of LTES spanning 7 years or longer. Based on the information reported from 85 Australian LTES, we: (i) identify the biomes, processes and species that are under-represented in the current body of research; (ii) discuss important contributing factors to the successful development and survival of these projects; and (iii) make recommendations to help increase the productivity and influence of LTES across research, management and policy sectors.

43. Sustainable use of ecosystem services under multiple risks – a survey of commercial cattle farmers in semi-arid rangelands in Namibia Roland Olbrich. Martin F. Quaas and Stefan Baumgärtner Working Paper Series in Economics. No number 137. 52 pages. Sept 2009 Diunduh dari: http://ideas.repec.org/p/lue/wpaper/137.html…. 25/8/2012 Studying the sustainable use of ecosystem services under uncertainty requires the consideration of the stochastic dynamics of the system under study, risk and time preferences, risk management strategies and normative views pertaining to sustainability. To gather this information for an important ecological- economic system, we conducted a survey of commercial cattle farmers in semi-arid rangelands of Namibia, a system that features risks on various space and time scales. Here we present a description of the research aims, design and conduction of the survey, and analyze and discuss the homogeneity and representativeness of our survey population. The survey consisted of a mail-in questionnaire and in-field experiments. We combined two existing farm- address databases, reaching 77% of the estimated 2,500 cattle farmers. The return rate of questionnaires exceeded 20%, and response rate to individual questions surpassed 95% and 90% for the majority of non- sensitive and sensitive questions, respectively. Distinct sub-sample groups within the survey population did not differ in the analyzed characteristics with the exception of ethnicity, regional location of farmland and an intentionally induced bias for residency on farm. It has turned out that we have undersampled distinct population segments of farmers, such as indigenous farmers or farmers not belonging to the main interest group of commercial cattle farming. Notwithstanding, we consider the survey to be highly successful, yielding a rich dataset which allows diverse analyses.

44. Estimating The Local Economic Benefits Of Riparian Ecosystem Restoration Using Iterated Contingent Valuation Holmes, Thomas P., Bergstrom, John C., Huszar, Eric, Kask, Susan B., Orr, Fritz, III. University of Georgia, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics in its series Faculty Series.Faculty Series 2002 Diunduh dari: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/ugeofs/16696.html…. 25/8/2012 A computerized survey instrument was developed to estimate the economic value of riparian restoration along the Little Tennessee River in western North Carolina. Restoration benefits were described in terms of five indicators of ecosystem services: abundance of game fish, water clarity, wildlife habitat, allowable water uses, and ecosystem naturalness. An iterative sequence of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions were presented to local residents to assess household willingness to pay increased county sales taxes for differing amounts of riparian restoration. Our results showed that the benefits of ecosystem restoration were "super-additive". That is, the total value of conducting many restoration projects exceeded the sum of the value of projects evaluated independently or at too small of a spatial scale. We also estimated the costs of riparian restoration activities by collecting and analyzing data from riparian restoration projects in the study area. After adjusting our estimated valuation function for socio-economic characteristics of the population, the benefit/ cost ratio for riparian restoration throughout the entire watershed was about 2.2 to 1.

45. Vegetation survey: a new focus for Applied Vegetation Science Milan Chytrý, Joop H. J. Schaminée, Angelika Schwabe. Applied Vegetation Science. Volume 14, Issue 4, pages 435–439, October 2011Volume 14, Issue 4, Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01154.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012 Vegetation survey is an important research agenda in vegetation science. It defines vegetation types and helps understand differences among them, which is essential for both basic ecological research and applications in biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring. In this editorial, we reflect on the historical development and current state of vegetation survey worldwide and introduce the Special Feature ‘Vegetation Survey’, as well as the new section of the same name in Applied Vegetation Science. The current Special Feature contains eight vegetation survey studies from North America, New Zealand, Europe and Asia. Most of these studies describe diversity of important vegetation types across large areas and some are also innovative from the methodological viewpoint. They illustrate current trends in vegetation survey in different parts of the world and also represent some examples of the type of studies that we wish to publish in the ‘Vegetation Survey’ section in future issues of Applied Vegetation Science.

46. Vegetation survey: a new focus for Applied Vegetation Science Milan Chytrý, Joop H. J. Schaminée, Angelika Schwabe. Applied Vegetation Science. Volume 14, Issue 4, pages 435–439, October 2011Volume 14, Issue 4, Diunduh dari: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01154.x/abstract…. 25/8/2012 Simpson's Diversity Index A community dominated by one or two species is considered to be less diverse than one in which several different species have a similar abundance. Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases. n = the total number of organisms of a particular species N = the total number of organisms of all species. The value of D ranges between 0 and 1. With this index, 1 represents infinite diversity and 0, no diversity. Diunduh dari: http://geographyfieldwork.com/Simpson%27sDiversityIndex.htm ….. 4/9/2012

47. Marriott, Hollis and Hartman, Ronald L. 1986. A Survey of the Vegetation of Jewel Cave National Monument. Completion Report, U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center Project. 17+ p. Diunduh dari: http://www.nps.gov/wica/naturescience/abstract-a-survey-of-the-vegetation-of-jewel-cave-national- monument.htm…. 25/8/2012 Jewel Cave National Monument (hence referred to as JECA) occupied 516 ha on the southwestern edge of the Limestone Plateau area of the Black Hills (Custer Co., South Dakota). Underlain by the resistant Pahasapa limestone (Mississippian), it is characterized by steep topography and deep canyons, with elevations ranging from roughly 1550 to 1750 m above sea level. Ponderosa pine forest dominates the landscape. Much of the forest was logged at least once prior to being incorporated into the Monument during a US Forest Service - National Park Service land swap in the early 1960's. Roughly one quarter section (the "old area") was part of the original Monument and has not been logged. Prior to 1985, studies of the vegetation and flora at JECA were limited to small projects by seasonal staff; this project was carried out to satisfy the need for more thorough baseline information. The primary objectives were two: to compile a flora (a list of vascular plants) of JECA, and to map plant communities present at the time of the study. As well as serving as a baseline for resource management, this information will be useful for above- ground interpretation. Other benefits from the project include an herbarium for the Monument, a wildflower checklist for visitor use, and several specific recommendations for management of the Monument's vegetation and flora.