1. Interaction between dark energy and dark matter Bin Wang Shanghai Jiao TongUniversity

2. Outline  Why do we need the interaction between DE&DM?  Is the interaction between DE&DM allowed by observations?  Perturbation theory when DE&DM are in interaction  How to understand the interaction between DE&DM?

5. 25% Dark Matter 70% Dark Energy Interaction

6. Why do we want to introduce the interaction between dark sectors? DE-- ? 1. QFT value 123 orders larger than the observed 2. Coincidence problem: Why the universe is accelerating just now? In Einstein GR: Why are the densities of DM and DE of precisely the same order today? Reason for proposing Quintessence, tachyon field, Chaplygin gas models etc. No clear winner in sight Suffer fine-tuning

7. Scaling behavior of energy densities  A phenomenological generalization of the LCDM model is LCDM model, Stationary ratio of energy densities Coincidence problem less severe than LCDM The period when energy densities of DE and DM are comparable is longer The coincidence problem is less acute can be achieved by a suitable interaction between DE & DM

8. Do we need to live with Phantom? Degeneracy in the data. SNe alone however are consistent with w in the range, roughly -1.5 ≤ w eff ≤ -0.7 Hannestad et al, Melchiorri et al, Carroll et al WMAP 3Y(06) w=-1.06{+0.13,-0.08} One can try to model w<-1 with scalar fields like quintessence. But that requires GHOSTS: fields with negative kinetic energy, and so with a Hamiltonian not bounded from below: 3 M 4 2 H 2 = - ( ’ ) 2 /2 + V(  ) `Phantom field ’, Caldwell, 2002 Phantoms and their ills: instabilities, negative energies …, w<-1 from data is strong! Theoretical prejudice against w<-1 is strong!

9. Do we need to live with Phantom? Theoretical cosmology w<-1 from data is strong! Theoretical prejudice against w<-1 is strong!

10. Exorcising w<-1

11. Ghostless explanations: 1) Modified gravity affects EVERYTHING, with the effect to make w<-1. S. Yin, B. Wang, E.Abdalla, C.Y.Lin, arXiv:0708.0992, PRD (2007) A. Sheykhi, B. Wang, N. Riazi, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 123513 R.G. Cai, Y.G. Gong, B. Wang, JCAP 0603 (2006) 006 2) Another option: Interaction between DE and DM Super-acceleration (w<-1) as signature of dark sector interaction Phys.Lett.B624(2005)141 B. Wang, Y.G.Gong and E. Abdalla, Phys.Lett.B624(2005)141 B. Wang, C.Y.Lin and E. Abdalla, Phys.Lett.B637(2006)357. S. Das, P. S. Corasaniti and J. Khoury, Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 083509. MAYBE NOT!! Conspiracies are more convincing if they DO NOT rely on supernatural elements!

12. The Interaction Between DE & DM Phenomenological interaction forms: For Q > 0 the energy proceeds from DE to DM Phenomenological forms of Q

13. Stephen Hawking S=A/4 小魔镜 让天文观测来告诉我们 答案吧 魔镜啊，魔镜， 暗物质和暗能量有 相互作用吗？

14. Is the interaction between DE & DM allowed by observations? Universe expansion history observations: SNIa+CMB+BAO+Age constraints Phys.Lett.B(05), B. Wang, Y.G.Gong and E. Abdalla, Phys.Lett.B(05), B. Wang, C. Lin, E. Abdalla, PLB (06) B.Wang, J.Zang, C.Y.Lin, E.Abdalla, S.Micheletti, Nucl.Phys.B(07) C.Feng, B.Wang, Y.G.Gong, R.K.Su, JCAP (07); C.Feng, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, R.K.Su, PLB(08), J.He, B.Wang, JCAP(08), J.H. He, B.Wang, P.J.Zhang, PRD(09) J.H.He, B.Wang,E.Abdalla, PRD(11), X.D.Xu, J.H.He, B.Wang (11) Galaxy cluster scale test E. Abdalla, L.Abramo, L.Sodre, B.Wang, PLB(09) J.H.He, B.Wang, Y.P.Jing, JCAP(09) J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, D.Pavon, JCAP(10)

15. Signature of the interaction in the CMB Sachs-Wolfe effects: non-integrated photons’ initial conditions integrated Early ISW Late ISW has the unique ability to probe the “size” of DE: EOS, the speed of sound Signature of the interaction between DE and DM?

16. The Sachs-Wolfe Effect The Sachs-Wolfe effect is an imprint on the cosmic microwave background(CMB) that results from gravitational potentials shifting the frequency of CMB photons as they leave the surface of last scattering and are eventually observed on Earth. Two categories of Sachs-Wolfe effects alters the CMB: non-integrated integrated

17. The Non-Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect  The non-integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect takes place at the surface of last scattering and is a primary anisotropy.  The photon frequency shifts result from the photons climbing out of the potential wells at the surface of last scattering created by the energy density in the universe at that point in time.  The effect is not constant across the sky due to the perturbations in the energy density of the universe at the time the CMB was formed. The non-integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect reveals information about the photons’ initial conditions

18. The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect  It appears as the photons pass through the universe on their way to Earth. the photons encounter additional gravitational potentials and gain & lose energy. one would expect these changes to cancel out over time, but the wells themselves can evolve, leading to a net change in energy for the photons as they travel.  Why this is the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect: the effect is integrated over the photon’s total passage through the universe. The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect leaves evidence of the change of space as the photon traveled through it

19. The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect  The early ISW effect: takes place from the time following recombination to the time when radiation is no longer dominant The early ISW gives clues about what is happening in the universe at the time when radiation ceases to dominate the energy in the universe.  The late ISW effect: gives clues about the end of the matter dominated era. When matter gives way to DE, the gravitational potentials decay away. Photons travel much farther. During the potential decay, the photons pass over many intervening regions of low and high density, effectively cancelling the late integrated Sachs- Wolfe effect out except at the very largest scales. The late ISW effect has the unique ability to probe the “size” of DE: EOS, the speed of sound …… Bean, Dore, PRD(03)

20. Perturbation theory when DE&DM are in interaction Choose the perturbed spacetime DE and DM, each with energy-momentum tensor denotes the interaction between different components., The perturbed energy-monentum tenser reads

21. Perturbation Theory The perturbed Einstein equations The perturbed pressure of DE:

22. Perturbation Theory DM: DE: He, Wang, Jing, JCAP(09); He, Wang, Abdalla, PRD(11) We have not specified the form of the interaction between dark sectors.

23. Perturbations Phenomenological interaction forms: Perturbation equations:

24. Perturbations Choosing interactions Maartens et al, JCAP(08) Curvature perturbation is not stable ！ Is this result general?? How about the other forms of the interaction? Stable?? How about the case with w<-1? w>-1

25. Perturbations divergence divergence disappears Stable perturbation J.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, PLB(09) the interaction proportional to DE density w>-1 w<-1, always couplings DE DM Total W>-1StableUnstable W<-1 Stable the interaction proportional to DM density

26. ISW imprint of the interaction The analytical descriptions for such effect ISW effect is not simply due to the change of the CDM perturbation. The interaction enters each part of gravitational potential. J.H. He, B.Wang, P.J.Zhang, PRD(09) J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, PRD(11)

27. Imprint of the interaction in CMB  Interaction proportional to the energy density of DE  Interaction proportional to the energy density of DM & DE+DM EISW+SW J.H.He, B.Wang, P.J.Zhang, PRD(09)

28. Degeneracy between the ξ and w in CMB  The small l suppression caused by changing ξ can also be produced by changing w  ξ can cause the change of acoustic peaks but w cannot ξ ~DE ξ ~DM, DE+DM Suppression caused by ξ is more than that by w Suppression caused by ξ cannot be distinguished from that by w He, Wang, Abdalla, PRD(11)

29. Degeneracy between the ξ and  The change of the acoustics peaks caused by ξ can also be produced by the abundance of the cold DM To break the degeneracy between ξ and, we can look at small l spectrum. ξ can bring clear suppression when ξ~DM or DM+DE, but not for ξ~DE

30. Likelihoods of,w and ξ ξ ~DE ξ ~DM ξ ~DE+DM

31. Fitting results  WMAP7-Y  WMAP+SN+BAO+H He, Wang, Abdalla, PRD(11)

32. Alleviate the coincidence problem Interaction proportional to the energy density of DM J.H. He, B.Wang, P.J.Zhang, PRD(09)

33. Growth of structures Observations of cosmic expansion history alone cannot break the degeneracies among different models explaining the cosmic acceleration. The rate of expansion of the universe as a function of cosmic time can in turn affect the process of structure formation Studying the clustering properties of cosmic structure to detect the possible effects of DE The contribution of non-vanishing DE perturbations, are fundamental in determining the DE clustering properties, have effects on the evolution of the growth of DM perturbations J.H.He,B.Wang, Y.P.Jing, JCAP(09)

34. Growth of structures The perturbation metric:

35. Growth of structures In the Fourier space, the perturbed energy-momentum equations read: Using gauge invariant quantities, the perturbed Einstein equations read:

36. Growth of structures Using the gauge invariant quantities, DM perturbation Gauge invariant DE perturbation

37. Growth of structures In the subhorizon approximation k>>aH, DM perturbation DE perturbation Introducing the interaction In the subhorizon approximation k>>aH

38. Growth of structures Perturbation equations for dark sectors with constant w

39. Growth of structures The coupling between dark sectors in proportional to the DM energy density by setting while keeping nonzero,

40. Growth of structures  When is not so tiny and  w close to -1, in subhorizon approximation,  DE perturbation is suppressed

41. Growth of structures

42. The interaction influence on the growth index overwhelm the DE perturbation effect. This opens the possibility to reveal the interaction between DE&DM through measurement of growth factor in the future. He, Wang, Jing, JCAP09

43. To reduce the uncertainty and put tighter constraint on the value of the coupling between DE and DM, new observables should be added. Galaxy cluster scale test E. Abdalla, L.Abramo, L.Sodre, B.Wang, PLB(09) Growth factor of the structure formation J.He, B.Wang, Y.P.Jing, JCAP(09) Number of galaxy counting J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, D.Pavon, JCAP(10) ……

44. Layzer-Irvine equation for DM Layzer-Irvine equation describes how a collapsing system reaches dynamical equilibrium in an expanding universe For DM: For DM: the rate of change of the peculiar velocity is Neglecting the influence of DE and the couplings, ---Newtonian mechanics Multiplying both sides of this equation byintegrating over the volume and using continuity equation, describes how DM reaches dynamical equilibrium in the collapsing system in the expanding universe. J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, D.Pavon, JCAP(10)

45. Virial condition If the DE is distributed homogeneously, For DM: For a system in equilibrium Virial Condition: presence of the coupling between DE and DM changes the equilibrium configuration of the system Galaxy clusters are the largest virialized structures in the universe Comparing the mass estimated through naïve virial hypothesis with that from WL and X-ray 33 galaxy clusters optical, X-ray and weak lensing data E. Abdalla, L.Abramo, L.Sodre, B.Wang, PLB(09)

46. Layzer-Irvine equation for DE For DE: For DE: starting from Multiplying both sides of this equation by integrating over the volume and using continuity equation, we have: For DE: For DM: The time and dynamics required by DE and DM to reach equilibrium are different in the collapsing system. DE does not fully cluster along with DM. The energy conservation breaks down inside the collapsing system. J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, D.Pavon, JCAP(10)

47. Spherical collapse model Homogenous DE : In the background: The energy balance equation Friedmann equation In the spherical region: Raychaudhuri’s equation – dynamical motion of the spherical region Local expansion The energy balance equation in the spherical region: DM perturbation equation

48. Spherical collapse model Inhomogenous DE : Inhomogenous DE : DE does not trace DM DE and DM have different four velocities Rest on DM frame, we obtain the energy momentum tensor for DE, The non-comoving perfect fluids energy flux of DE observed in DM frame The timelike part of the conservation law, DM DE Additional expansion due to peculiar velocity of DE relative to DM

49. The spacelike part of the conservation law Spherical collapse model Only DE has non-zero component is the DE flux observed in DM rest frame Only keep linear, we obtain: Raychaudhuri’s equation We can describe the spherical collapse model when DE does not trace DM J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla, D.Pavon, JCAP(10)

50. Press-Schechter Formalism  J.H.He, B.Wang, E.Abdalla,D.Pavon, JCAP(10)

51. DE interacting DM will influence: the dynamics of structure formation the number of galaxy clusters formed The imprint of the interaction between dark sectors in galaxy clusters Authors: Jian-Hua He, Bin Wang, Elcio Abdalla, Diego PavonJian-Hua HeBin WangElcio AbdallaDiego Pavon JCAP(2010) Referee report The authors study the dynamics of a collapsing system within the framework of interacting dark matter and dark energy. They find that the interaction between dark sectors does not ensure the dark energy to fully cluster along with dark matter. The authors present a new treatment of studying the structure formation in the spherical collapsing system in the case where dark energy does not cluster together with dark matter. The paper is concluded by examining the cluster number counts dependence on the interaction between dark sectors and analyze how dark energy inhomogeneities affect cluster abundances. Quite interestingly, it is shown that cluster number counts can provide specific signature of dark sectors interaction and dark energy Inhomogeneities. I believe this article presents some quite interesting and original result of interest for both theoretical cosmologists as well as observational ones. So I recommend it for publication in JCAP

52. A lot of effort is required to disclose the signature on the interaction between DE and DM CMB Cluster M Cluster N WL Redshift Distortion ……

53. Understanding the interaction between DE and DM from Field Theory S. Micheletti, E. Abdalla, B. Wang, PRD(09)

54. Two fields describing each of the dark components: a fermionic field for DM, a bosonic field for the Dark Energy,

55. similar to the one usually used as a phenomenological model, RHS does not contain the Hubble parameter H explicitly, but it does contain the time derivative of the scalar field, which should behave as the inverse of the cosmological time, replacing thus the Hubble parameter in the phenomenological models.

56. Summary  Motivation to introduce the interaction between DE & DM  Is the interaction allowed by observations? CMB+SNIa+BAO+Age Galaxy cluster scale tests  Alleviate the coincidence problem  Understanding the interaction from field theory

57. Thanks!!!