1. Political Sciences in the 21st Century Higher School of Economics September 2, 2002 Klaus Segbers Free University of Berlin

2. Content/ Overview: 0Intro/ general remarks 1Traditional polisci 2New global context 3New orientations for polisci 4Current political problems to be addressed

3. 0A moving target... What is the polis? From Athens and Sparta to the U.S., the EU and Al Quaida What about is the science about the polis? There are few permanent answers... Contexts and definitions are changing

4. 1.1A Review of Traditional Tools Traditionally, there is a more or less firm reservoir of polisci sub-disciplines: Theories of polisci Methods of polisci Institutions and actors Policy fields Comparative polisci International Relations

5. 1.2Theories of polisci Classical theories of human beings,societies and states, contract theories: Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu Classical theories of statesmanship: Macchiavelli, Toqueville Classical theories of organizations, states and bureaucracies: Weber, Hinze, Mill Marxism, class theories, imperialism, IPE Positivism, social sciences Modernization and development theories System theories: Arendt, Friedrich, Parsons, Easton, Almond, Luhmann Political structuralism: Gramsci, Althusser, Poulantzas, Baran/Sweezy, Wallerstein

6. 1.3Methods There was a co-existence of methods...... from rigid social sciences to informed guesses,... from small to large n cases,... from intuition over description to analysis.

7. 1.4Institutions and actors Polisci was understood for many decades as a classical study of formal organizations/ institutions. That implied research on states, governments, parties, constitutions, laws, etc. There could be variations, but no principal questions.

8. 1.5Policy fields Economy/ fiscal Labor Health Technology Regional and Cities Security Foreign. Plus: the mode of a polisci field: Design – decision – implementation - evaluation

9. 1.6Comparative politics What to compare? Countries Societies Political parties Social movements Institutions Election systems Economies Revolutions and dissent Transformations and changes

10. 1.7International relations Stable entities – container states Qualities: sovereignty, territoriality Borders: fixed, demarcations between domestic/ foreign external Tasks of governments: tax collection; provision of internal and external security Provision of other public goods

11. 2.0A new landscape For polisci in general, and for IR in particular, there is a new context: We are living in a post-Westphalian, post-Cold War, post-9/11 landscape. Not everything is different; but many elements are new, or appear in a new combination. This requires a fundamental re-thinking of polisci, and a serious re-formulation of politics.

12. 2.1New Global Context 1 Multilevel Games Increasing number of actors Problems with sovereignty Problems with territoriality

13. 2.2New Global Context 2 Increasing governance problems, especially for national governments Medialization of political agendas Election cycles and legitimacy gaps Ad-hocism as dominant mode of politics

14. 3.1New polisci theories Rational choice New institutionalism Culture theories Postmodernism Feminism Flows, scapes, nodes, hubs

15. 3.2Methods Framing/ design of a question Definition of a task: DVs Causing factors: IVs Hypotheses Theories Cases Inferences Qualitative/ quantitative Description

16. 3.3Policy fields Politics and International organizations Politics and NGOs Politics and the mass media Politics and PR/ political technologies Politics and lobbyism Politics and time and space/ place

17. 4.1Current Political Issues Europe: stability pact, institutional reforms, enlargement Demographic trends: migration policies Situation of social security systems Role of the USA, relations with them Inter-, transnational organizations and regimes Relations with Eastern Europe, including RF Fundamentalist, anti-secular movements

18. 4.2Risks from the global context Underregulated flows of capital and content Unstable prices on world energy markets Regional conflicts: the Balkans, in the Caucasus, in Central Asia, in Africa, in South Asia Role of the U.S.: Kyoto, NMD/ BMD, START ff., WTO rules, ICC, Patriot Act... How to embed China Legitimacy gaps: how to run a patchwork? Digital/ informational divide Infotainment, docudrama

19. This is the end! Thanks for your attention. Your may re-read, or download, this presentation via: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~segbers I look forward to answer your questions.

20. Patchwork Territories/ Regions Sectors/ FIGs Admin Groups/ Bureaucracies Social Actors Interactions