1. Sponsored by
IEEE Singapore SMC, R&A, and Control Chapters
Organized and invited by Professor Sam Ge, NUS
Wireless Sensor Networks for Monitoring Machinery, Human Biofunctions, and BCW Agents
F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research
Moncrief-O’Donnell Endowed Chair
Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group
Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) The University of Texas at Arlington

2. Wireless Sensor Networks
F.L. Lewis, Assoc. Director for Research
Moncrief-O’Donnell Endowed Chair
Head, Controls, Sensors, MEMS Group
Automation & Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) The University of Texas at Arlington
Wireless Sensor Networks

3. Wireless MEMS Sensor Networks
New Initiative at ARRI
$180K in ARO/ UTA/ Texas funding to set up ARRI MEMS lab
$240K in MEMS & Network related Grants from NSF and ARO
Machinery monitoring & Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM / PHM / RUL)
Remote site biochemical warfare (BCW) toxin monitoring
Personnel monitoring and secure area denial
Optical MEMS human biosensors
C&C User Interface for wireless networks-
Contact Frank Lewis

4. Wireless Sensor Networks
Vehicle Monitoring
Animal Monitoring
Medical Monitoring
Machine Monitoring
Wireless
Data Collection Networks
Wireless Sensor
Wireless
Sensor
BSC
(Base Station Controller, Preprocessing)
Ship Monitoring
BST
Management Center
(Database large storage, analysis)
Data Acquisition Network
Data Distribution Network
Roving
Human
monitor
transmitter
Online
monitoring
Printer
Server
Wireland
(Ethernet WLAN, Optical)
Wireless
(Wi-Fi GHz
BlueTooth
Cellular Network, -
CDMA, GSM)
PDA
Any where, any time to access
Cellular Phone
Notebook PC

5. Network of Networks
Paul Baran, Rand Corp.

6. Principal Problems in Army Communications
Paul Baran, Rand Corp.

7. Wireless CBM Research Areas
Sensor Technology
MEMS ?
Node Technology
DSP
Power
RF link
Remote Access Terminals
Wireless PDA, Wireless Laptop
Cellphone, Internet
Data management
Sensor data storage
Data Access
Fault & Diagnostic Decision-Making
Alarming
COTS Wireless Sensors
Berkeley Crossbow
Microstrain
Wireless Networks
Cellular network
WLAN
Other short range RF networks
Multiple linked networks

8. Which Technology? Cellular Technologies 2G Systems 2.5G Systems
Wireless LAN Technology
2.4 GHz Wireless LAN 
5 GHz Wireless LAN
Ad-hoc Mode
Infrastructure Mode
Other Short-range Technologies
Home RF 
Bluetooth
IrDA 
IEEE
Long Range Technologies
Cordless Telephony (cellphone)
Internet
IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks

9. Berkeley Crossbow Sensor Berkeley Crossbow Sensor
Which Hardware?
Berkeley Crossbow Sensor
Berkeley Crossbow Sensor
Crossbow transceiver
Crossbow transceiver
Crossbow Berkeley Motes

10. Microstrain Wireless Sensors
G-Sensor
Microstrain
G-Sensor
Microstrain V-Link Transceiver
Microstrain
Transceiver Connect to PC
Microstrain
Transceiver Connect to PC
Microstrain V-Link Transceiver
RFID node

11.
Network Topology
FDDI- Fibre Distributed Data Interface specifies a 100 Mbit/s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable.
Self Healing Net – Dual Ring

12. Self-healing Ring Topology
Network Topology
Bus Network with Backbone
Interconnections Between Different Network Types
Star Network Topology
Token Ring Network Topology
Self-healing Ring Topology
Two rings

13. Moshe Zalcberg and Benny Matityaho, Tel Aviv University
Ethernet LAN
FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface
100 Mbps

14. Paul Baran, Rand Corp.
The Spider Web Net

15. Network Topology Paul Baran, Rand Corp.
Neighbor Connectivity and Redundancy
Centralized, Decentralized, Distributed

16. Connectivity and Number of Links
Paul Baran, Rand Corp.
Number of links
increases
exponentially

17. Mesh Networks Basic 4-link ring element
Two ways to interconnect two rings
New Topology
Alternating
1-way streets
Standard Manhattan
Edge Binding- J.W. Smith, Rand Corp.
In any network, much of the routing power of peripheral stations is wasted simply because peripheral links are unused. Thus, messages tend to reflect off the boundary into the interior or to move parallel to the periphery.
Two 2-D mesh networks

18. The Problem of Complexity
Communication Protocols in a network must be restricted and organized to avoid Complexity problems
Think of the military chain of command
e.g. in Manufacturing
The general job shop allows part flows between all machines
The Flow Line allows part flows only along specific Paths
We have shown that the job shop is NP-complete
but the reentrant flow line is of polynomial complexity

19. Hierarchical Networks
Disable some links
Dual-Ring
Hierarchical
Structure for level 2
Designation of Primary
Communication Ring
4 x 4 Mesh Net
Hierarchical Clustering
Same structure--
Consistent
Hierarchy
Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh
showing all four communication rings
Hierarchical Clustering of 8x8 mesh
showing level 3 primary communication ring

20. Disable some links to reduce complexity
The disabled links can be used as backups in case of failures
Note- this dual ring structure
Is a self-healing ring

21.
Ethernet Ethernet was developed in the mid 1970's by the Xerox Corporation, and in 1979 Digital Equipment Corporation DEC) and Intel joined forces with Xerox to standardise the system. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) released the official Ethernet standard in 1983 called the IEEE after the name of the working group responsible for its development, and in 1985 version 2 (IEEE 802.3a) was released. This second version is commonly known as "Thin Ethernet" or 10Base2, in this case the maximum length is 185m even though the "2" suggest that it should be 200m.
Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet was officially adopted in the summer of 1995, two years after a group of leading network companies had formed the Fast Ethernet Alliance to develop the standard. Operating at ten times the speed of regular 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet - also known as 100BaseT - retains the same CSMA/CD protocol and Category 5 cabling support as its predecessor higher bandwidth and introduces new features such as full-duplex operation and auto-negotiation.

22.
Token Ring In 1984, IBM introduced the 4 Mbit/s Token Ring network. Instead of the normal plug and socket arrangement of male and female gendered connectors, the IBM data connector (IDC) was a sort of hermaphrodite, designed to mate with itself. Although the IBM Cabling System is to this day regarded as a very high quality and robust data communication media, its large size and cost - coupled with the fact that with only 4 cores it was less versatile than 8-core UTP - saw Token Ring continue fall behind Ethernet in the popularity stakes. It remains IBM's primary LAN technology however and the compatible and almost identical IEEE specification continues to shadow IBM's Token Ring development.
FDDI Developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards committee in the mid-1980s - at a time when high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing LANs based on Ethernet and Token Ring - the Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100 Mbit/s token-passing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable.

23.
Gigabit Ethernet The next step in Ethernet's evolution was driven by the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, formed in The ratification of associated Gigabit Ethernet standards was completed in the summer of 1999, specifying a physical layer that uses a mixture of proven technologies from the original Ethernet Specification and the ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel Specification:
Use of the same variable-length (64- to 1514-byte packets) IEEE frame format found in Ethernet and Fast Ethernet is key to the ease with which existing lower-speed Ethernet devices can be connected to Gigabit Ethernet devices, using LAN switches or routers to adapt one physical line speed to the other.

24. Client-Server Client-server networking architectures became popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s as many applications were migrated from centralised minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers. The design of applications for a distributed computing environment required that they effectively be divided into two parts: client (front end) and server (back end). The network architecture on which they were implemented mirrored this client-server model, with a user's PC (the client) typically acting as the requesting machine and a more powerful server machine - to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN - acting as the supplying machine.

25. Peer-to-peer In a Peer-to-peer networking architecture each computer (workstation) has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. There is no server, and computers simply connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. It is practical for workgroups of a dozen or less computers, making it common in many SOHO environments, where each PC acts as an independent workstation that stores data on its own hard drive but which can share it with all other PCs on the network.
P2P computing By early 2000 a revolution was underway in an entirely new form of peer-to-peer computing. Sparked by the phenomenal success of a number of highly publicised applications, "P2P computing" - as it is commonly referred to - heralded a new computing model for the Internet age and had achieved considerable traction with mainstream computer users and members of the PC industry in a very short space of time.
The Napster MP3 music file sharing application went live in September 1999, and attracted more than 20 million users by mid-2000

26. IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ratified the original specification in 1997 as the standard for WLANs. That version of provided for 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s data rates and a set of fundamental signalling methods and other services. The data rates supported by the original standard were too slow to support most general business requirements with and did little to encourage the adoption of WLANs. Recognising the critical need to support higher data-transmission rates, the autumn of 1999 saw the IEEE ratify the b standard (also known as High Rate) for transmissions of up to 11 Mbit/s.

27. OSI- Open Systems Interconnection
OSI-
Open Systems
Interconnection
The OSI reference model specifies standards for describing "Open Systems Interconnection" with the term 'open' chosen to emphasise the fact that by using these international standards, a system may be defined which is open to all other systems obeying the same standards throughout the world. The definition of a common technical language has been a major catalyst to the standardisation of communications protocols and the functions of a protocol layer.

29. IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks
IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks
Problem
Transducers, defined here as sensors or actuators, serve a wide variety of industry's needs- manufacturing, industrial control, automotive, aerospace, building, and biomedicine are but a few. Many sensor control networks or fieldbus implementations are currently available.
A problem for transducer manufacturers is the large number of networks on the market today. Currently, it is too costly for transducer manufacturers to make unique smart transducers for each network on the market. Therefore a universally accepted transducer interface standard, the IEEE P1451 standard, is proposed to be developed to address these issues.
Objective of IEEE 1451
The objective of this project is to develop a smart transducer interface standard IEEE This standard is to make it easier for transducer manufacturers to develop smart devices and to interface those devices to networks, systems, and instruments by incorporating existing and emerging sensor- and networking technologies.

30.
History of IEEE-1451
In September 1993, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)'s Technical Committee on Sensor Technology of the Instrumentation and Measurement Society co-sponsored a meeting to discuss smart sensor communication interfaces and the possibility of creating a standard interface. The response was to establish a common communication interface for smart transducers. Four technical working groups have been formed to address different aspects of the interface standard.
P working group aims at defining a common object model for smart transducers along with interface specifications for the components of the model.
P working group aims at defining a smart transducer interface module (STIM), a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), and a digital interface to access the data.
P working group aims at defining a digital communication interface for distributed multidrop systems.
P working group aims at defining a mixed-mode communication protocol for smart transducers.
The working groups created the concept of smart sensors to control networks interoperability and to ease the connectivity of sensors and actuators into a device or field network.

32. Hardware interface
Network Independent

33. IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks
Conway & Heffernan, Univ. Limerick
IEEE 1451 Standard for Smart Sensor Networks

34. Node Relative Positioning & Localization
Ad hoc network- scattered nodes
Nodes must self organize
Calibrated network-
Each node knows its relative position
TDMA frame for both communication protocols
and relative positioning

35. Integrating new nodes into relative positioning grid
One can write the relative location in frame O of the new point 3 in two ways. The triangle shown in the figure is a closed kinematic chain of the sort studied in [Liu and Lewis 1993, 1994]. The solution is obtained by requiring that the two maps T13 and T123 be exact at point 3.
Kinematics
transformation
Recursive closed-kinematic chain procedure for integrating new nodes

36. Ultra Wideband Sensor Web
UWB
Ultra Wideband Sensor Web
where w(t) is the basic pulse of duration approx. 1ns, often a wavelet or a Gaussian monocycle, and Tf is the frame or pulse repetition time. In a multi-node environment, catastrophic collisions are avoided by using a pseudorandom sequence cj to shift pulses within the frame to different compartments, and the compartment size is Tc sec. Data is transmitted using digital pulse position modulation (PPM), where if the data bit is 0 the pulse is not shifted, and if the data bit is 1 the pulse is shifted by d. The same data bit is transmitted Ns times, allowing for very reliable communications with low probability of error.
Precise time of flight measurement is possible.
Use UWB for all three:
Communications
Node Relative positioning
Target localization

37. Multi-Static Radar Target Localization
Uses time of flight
Intersection of two ellipses with semimajor and semiminor axes
Simultaneous solution of two quadratic equations, one for each ellipse
gives position of target.