1. Mutations and Genetic Modifications TEKS BIO 6C

2. Instructions---READ EVERYTHING
Today, you will learn about MUTATIONS. Follow the powerpoint, watching any videos that may be presented, and fill in your notes as you go. Be sure to read each slide to ensure you are completing your notes correctly.

3. Engage: One Wrong Letter- You have seen this video before
Engage: One Wrong Letter- You have seen this video before. You may choose to watch it again, or move on to the next slide.

4. Explore: What about Mistakes??
Mutation
Any changes to the genetic material (DNA) of a cell

5. Mutations click the link above to watch the video before moving on
How Mutations Happen
click the link above to watch the video before moving on
How can mutations occur?
Simple replication errors in DNA
Environmental Mutagens

6. Types of Mutations Point Mutations Variation in Chromosome Number
Base Pair Substitutions
Silent
Missense – new protein (Amino Acid Substitutions)
Base Pair Insertions and deletions
Triplet Repeats
Frameshift Mutations
Variation in Chromosome Number
Chromosome Abnormalities
Deletions
Translocations
Duplications
Inversions

7. Point Mutations- one base change in the DNA sequence

8. Potential Results of Point Mutation
Observe what happens when the following Point Mutations Occur for each set:
CCA=Lys  CCC=Lys
GGA=Arg  GGU=Arg
UCU=Stop  UCA=Stop
Amino acid meaning is not altered for each set
This demonstrates a Silent mutation

9. Potential Result of Point Mutation
If the amino acid meaning is changed, cells could be altered
Example: Sickle Cell Anemia
Valine is replaced with Glutamic Acid

10. Point Mutations: Frame Shift
Insertion or deletion of one or more bases into the sequence of the gene
How many DNA nucleotides can a ribosome read at one time?
three letters (called CODONS) code into 1 amino acid (“word”)
adding or removing one letter changes each subsequent “word”
These mutations can make the DNA meaningless
shortened and functionless protein

11. ACTIVITY
READ ALL DIRECTIONS ON THE NEXT SLIDE AFTER PICKING UP THE PAGE FROM THE FRONT
READ ALL DIRECTIONS ON THE NEXT SLIDE BEFORE COMPLETING ACTIVITY
READ ALL DIRECTIONS ON THE NEXT SLIDE BEFORE COMPLETING ACTIVITY

12. ACTIVITY: “Modeling Chromosomal Mutations” READ EVERYTHING before moving on
First, read the directions on the “Modeling Chromosomal mutations” page and follow the directions about how to complete the “original chromosome.” Cut out the original chromosome and paste it to the top of your notes.
Continue with the slideshow AFTER completing the directions on each slide
Cut out the colored diagram AND question and glue BOTH near the corresponding slide. (either on the slide or below it)

13. Deletion Frame Shifts
A deletion of one or more bases on a section of the chromosome.
Color the “deletion” section on your “modeling chromosomal mutations” page, answer the question that follows, then cut and glue both onto your slide.

14. Base Pair Insertions (Triplet Repeats)
Occurs when DNA is not copied correctly and a segment is repeated
Ex) Huntington Disease—CAG Repeat

15. Variation in Chromosome Number
Having any number of chromosomes that does not equal 23 pairs.
Ex) Down Syndrome – Chromosome 21’s

16. Chromosome Abnormalities -Translocations -Duplications -Inversions

17. Translocations
When one piece of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
Color the “translocation” section on your “modeling chromosomal mutations” page, answer the question that follows, then cut and glue both onto your slide.

18. Duplications
Occurs during crossing over and one chromosome ends up with more genes than it received.
Color the “duplication” section on your “modeling chromosomal mutations” page, answer the question that follows, then cut and glue both onto your slide.

19. Inversions A reversal in the order of a segment of a chromosome
Color the “inversion” section on your “modeling chromosomal mutations” page, answer the question that follows, then cut and glue both onto your slide.

20. Elaboration 1
The next several slides will give you information concerning a particular mutation.
Use the small blue papers to write your responses. LABEL EACH SECTION CLEARLY!
You will be graded on your responses.

21. Types of Mutations--1
DNA Sentence - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation - THE FAT HAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the protein sequence to change? How?
If this type of mutation occurred, what, if any, might be the possible consequence for the organism?

22. Types of Mutations--2
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT KAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of point mutation be called?
Was the meaning of the gene sentence altered?
If this type of mutation occurred, would there be any consequence for the organism? Yes/No. Why or why not?

23. Types of Mutations--3
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT CAA TET HEW EER AT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation (chromosome abnormality) be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? Yes/No How?

24. Types of Mutations--4
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation THE FAT ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?

25. Types of Mutations--5
Original Sample Gene - THE FAT CAT ATE THE WEE RAT
Mutation - THE FAT CAT XLW ATE THE WEE RAT
If this was a DNA sequence, what would this type of mutation be called?
Could this change cause the polypeptide sequence to change? How?

26. Evaluation
The next several slides will show different types of mutations you’ve learned.
On the back of your sheet, write the type of mutation you think is represented in the picture.

27. What Type of Mutation?--6

28. What Type of Mutation?--7

29. What Type of Mutation?--8

30. What Type of Mutation?--9

31. What Type of Mutation?--10

32. Genetic Modification--Where can it lead?