1. Minimum Systems and the PIC 16F84A Chapter Two Dr. Gheith Abandah1

2. Outline Review of Memory Technologies The PIC 16 Series PIC 16F84A The PIC 16F84A Memory The Oscillator Instruction Cycle Power-up and Reset Dr. Gheith Abandah2

3. Review of Memory Technologies Dr. Gheith Abandah3 Read Only Memory (ROM) Random Access Memory (RAM): Read/Write Static RAM (SRAM): Each cell is a simple flip-flop of six transistors, CMOS, volatile Programmable ROM (PROM): Each cell is one transistor, MOS, non-volatile, plastic package. Erasable PROM (EPROM): Each cell is one transistor, MOS, non-volatile, erasable with ultraviolet light, ceramic package with quartz window.

4. Review of Memory Technologies – cont. Dr. Gheith Abandah4 Electrically EPROM (EEPROM): Each cell is one transistor with additional transistors for programming, MOS, non-volatile, erasable electrically (takes time), suffers from wear. Flash Memory: Each cell is one transistor, MOS, non- volatile, erasable electrically (takes time) in blocks, suffers from wear, popular.

5. The PIC 16 Series DevicePinsClockMemoryFeatures 16F84A18≤ 20 MHz1 K ROM 68 B RAM 64 B EEPROM 1 8-bit timer 1 5-bit port 1 8-bit port 16LF84AExtended supply voltage range 16F84A-04≤ 4 MHz Dr. Gheith Abandah5

6. The PIC 16 Series DevicePinsClockMemoryFeatures 16F873A28≤ 20 MHz4 K ROM 192 B RAM 128 B EEPROM 3 parallel ports, 3 counter/timers, 2 capture/compare/PWM, 2 serial, 5 10-bit ADC, 2 comparators 16F874A40≤ 20 MHz4 K ROM 192 B RAM 128 B EEPROM 5 parallel ports, 3 counter/timers, 2 capture/compare/PWM, 2 serial, 8 10-bit ADC, 2 comparators Dr. Gheith Abandah6

7. The PIC 16 Series DevicePinsClockMemoryFeatures 16F876A28≤ 20 MHz8 K ROM 368 B RAM 256 B EEPROM 3 parallel ports, 3 counter/timers, 2 capture/compare/PWM, 2 serial, 5 10-bit ADC, 2 comparators 16F877A40≤ 20 MHz8 K ROM 368 B RAM 256 B EEPROM 5 parallel ports, 3 counter/timers, 2 capture/compare/PWM, 2 serial, 8 10-bit ADC, 2 comparators Dr. Gheith Abandah7

8. PIC 16F84A Dr. Gheith Abandah8

9. PIC 16F84A Architecture Dr. Gheith Abandah9

10. The 16F84A Status Register C: Carry/Borrow’ DC: Digit Carry/Borrow’ Z: Zero PD’: Power Down TO’: Time Out RP0: Register Bank Select RP1, IRP: Not implemented Dr. Gheith Abandah10

11. The 16F84A Memory Dr. Gheith Abandah11 MemoryTechnologySizeFeatures ProgramFlash1K x 14 bits 10,000 erase/write cycles Data (File Registers) SRAM68 Bytes Retains data down to 1.5 V Data (EEPROM)EEPROM64 Bytes 10,000,000 erase/write cycles StackSRAM8 x 13 bits

12. Program Memory and Stack Dr. Gheith Abandah12

13. Configuration Word Dr. Gheith Abandah13 Allows the user to define certain configurable features of the microcontroller, at the time of program download.

14. Data memory and Special Function Registers Dr. Gheith Abandah14 FSR: File Select Register for indirect addressing. EEADR: EEPROM Address EEDATA: EEPROM Data EECON1: Control; RD, WREN, WR, EEIF EECON2: 55 H to AA H

15. The Oscillator Dr. Gheith Abandah15 It is necessary to provide the ‘clock’ signal. The clock is a continuously running fixed frequency logic square wave. The overall speed of the microcontroller operation is entirely dependent on this clock frequency. Higher frequency -> Higher Performance and higher power consumption.

16. Instruction Cycle Dr. Gheith Abandah16 The main oscillator signal is divided by 4 to produce the instruction cycle time.

17. Pipelining All PIC microcontrollers implement pipelining. Pipelining fails when one instruction changes the contents of the Program Counter. Dr. Gheith Abandah17

18. Power-up and Reset At power-up, the Program Counter is forced to zero and the SFRs are reset so that peripherals are initially in a safe and disabled state. There is also a master clear input MCLR’. Dr. Gheith Abandah18

19. Summary The PIC 16 Series is a diverse and effective family of microcontrollers. The 16F84A architecture is representative of all 16 Series microcontrollers, with Harvard structure, pipelining and a RISC instruction set. The PIC 16F84A has a limited set of peripherals, chosen for small and low-cost applications. It is thus a smaller member of the family, with features that are a subset of any of the larger ones. The 16F84A uses three distinct memory technologies for its different memory areas. A particular type of memory location is the Special Function Register, which acts as the link between the CPU and the peripherals. Reset mechanisms ensure that the CPU starts running when the appropriate operating conditions have been met, and can be used to restart the CPU in case of program failure. Dr. Gheith Abandah19