1. 1999 Cabletron Systems Mario Manfredoni mario.manfredoni@cabletron.com

2. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Cabletron Data Communications company, founded in 1983 $1.4B sales, $3.1B market cap. $465M cash and investments, no debt Innovators in Technology –450 patents –14% of revenue spent on R&D = $200 million a further $80 million on technology startups

3. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Market Position? Worldwide Modular Switching (Dell’Oro Group) –#1 L3 Switched 10/100 Mbps –#2 L3 Switched 1000 Mbps –#2 L2 Switched 10 Mbps –#2 L2 Switched 100 Mbps Worldwide Enterprise Management (IDC) –#2 Enterprise Management Platform The Leader in Network Control Services –Directory Enabled since 1994 –Policy Management since 1996

4. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Market Segments SmartSwitch Router –Increased over 21% sequentially –Increased over 200% year-over-year –Currently 21% of sales xDSL –Sales have tripled over past 6 months –Expecting double digit sequential growth SmartSwitching –Port shipment growth of 20% sequentially –Currently 45% of sales

5. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Market Segments Software –Increased sales 35% sequentially –Increased sales 20% year-over-year –High gross margin Services –Professional services growing nearly 100% sequentially –Now 16% of sales

6. 1999 Cabletron Systems Technology Highway: Industry Vision

7. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation The Next Wave “Information Business” 2nd Wave -IT as a Cost Center -File, Print, E-Mail -Information Distribution -Web Browsing -Fixed Connectivity “Connectivity” 1st Wave -IT as a Source of Competitive Advantage -E- Business, E-Commerce Electronic Supply Chain Management -Interactive Information -Mass Customization -Death of Distance

8. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation One Step Ahead of What’s Next Intelligence Everywhere Information Society Information Entertainment Information Economy Interactive Internet 2 Distance Learning Connecting People…Not Devices Evolving commerce from one solution for millions to millions of solutions for one…mass customization

9. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Network is the Business Some Examples of “Critical-ness” B2B Dependant Networks Supply Chain Management VendorSupplier “The Network”

10. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Applications Drive Infrastructure Change Intranets have changed all the traffic patterns Extranets and VPNs need to deliver utility-like service E-Commerce demands security and reliability IP multicast being embedded in mainstream applications IP voice and IP video demand low latency Voice, video and data convergence drive the need for Quality of Service Server centralization increases backbone traffic

11. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Enterprise Networks - IT Applications Tier I Business ApplicationsE-Commerce, E-Business, SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, NetMeeting, Collaboration Tools, Siebel, Bond, Agile... Tier II Infrastructure ApplicationsE-mail, Printing, File Sharing, WWW, Distance Learning... Tier III OtherGames, PointCast, MP3 Music, Single Use Apps...

12. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation New Application - Streaming Video Increasing Popular for Training Purposes –Bandwidth impact is radically unpredictable Real time Video on the LAN –By year 2000, 18% of US businesses (Sage Research, Inc.) Image processing - 1/2 of all US business –Forms for Insurance, teleradiology in hospitals, etc… –Desktop videoconferences –Retrieving images

13. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation High performance (bandwidth) Predictability (latency, delivery, etc) Availability Reliability (99.999999...% uptime, fail over circuits, etc) Cost effective (competitive pricing, keep costs low) QoS capabilities (w/ policies and CoS) Simplicity (non-complex) Manageable Customer Expectations - More Utility-Like

14. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Cabletron Driving the 3rd Wave Enterprise Solutions –Virtual Private Networks –Policy-Based Networking –Wire-speed L3 Infrastructure Service Provider Solutions –Emerging Internet SPs –Service Deployment Tools: Accounting, Billing, SLAs Convergence Solutions –Voice Ready Infrastructure –Voice Over Last-mile –Voice Management –Voice Gateways, Toll Bypass

15. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Convergence IP Protocol (VoIP), IP Multicast Voice, Data and Video Traffic Desktop Conferencing, Multimedia and Internet Convergence In the WAN - –Makes financial sense –Easy to justify Some Desktop Applications - Real Audio, NetMeeting... Phones and PC’s Stay On the Desk in the Enterprise Integrate When the Need Arises (PBX investment) –Call centers –New buildings

16. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Enterprise QoS Features Ability to guarantee QoS to key applications Providing priority to the most important users Limit the network resources provided by demanding applications (i.e. desktop video) Control - Reduction of the need to police the network Easier path to multiservice integration “Future Proof” - Hardware that is policy ready helps avoid network upgrades

17. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Standards-Based QoS Solution Packet Tagging –802.1P –IP ToS/DiffServ –MPLS RSVP Traffic Shaping –Strict Priority Queuing –Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) –Class Based Queuing (CBQ) –Random Early Discard (RED & WRED) –Committed Access Rate (CAR)

18. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation PCs Remote Site Baan PeopleSoft SAP Baan SAP QoS will be defined by application responsiveness and end user experience not by simple bandwidth reservation and measurement SLA and QoS Management Priority is relative and will be defined by who the user is and what business function they supportPriority is relative and will be defined by who the user is and what business function they support Allows the IT system to offer differing levels of information transport service based on differing business prioritiesAllows the IT system to offer differing levels of information transport service based on differing business priorities

19. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Key Product Initiatives VPN technology across WAN product line Layer 4 ‘awareness’ across product line WWW based management across product line SSN Integration with directory services New policy management services: –Router access control list management –Quality of service / class of service IP accounting & Billing Integrated voice gateways in select WAN products

20. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Emerging Transport Technologies 10+ Mbps In-Building Wireless >100 Mbps Building-to-Building Broadband Wireless 10/100/1000 Auto-Sensing to the desktop in 2000 10 Gbps Ethernet Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM) Enhanced traffic management and QoS across all product lines

21. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Lastly… It Is About Selling Solutions GlobalNetwork Technology services Award Winning Products Network Management Tools Third Party / OEM Products - Relationships Cabletron’sSolutions

22. 1999 Cabletron Systems Application Aware Networking

23. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Agenda Background and Drivers Layer 4 Switching SmartSwitch Router Features

24. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Directory Voice over IP Video over IP Caching Accounting Firewall Application Aware Networking Business Apps The Application Aware Network

25. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Enterprise Network - Drivers Access Horizon is changing - 10/100 E-Commerce demands Reliability and Security Traffic Patterns are changing –centralised server farms –client/server, browser/server, client/client –IP Multicast embedded in mainstream applications

26. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Enterprise Network - Drivers Converging Applications - Voice, Video, Data –convergence but no request for delivery –drives the QoS need Accountability –validate and track network activity –justification process

27. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Carrier Network - Drivers Access Horizon is changing - DSL Web Hosting –ISP’s central servers –web technology is compromised –moving content closer to browsers - caching Differentiate Service on top of IP –Service Level Guarantees Accounting ???

28. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet Multiple Applications –different services Convergence Unicast/Multicast Browser Applications HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video

29. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet Is Layer 2 enough? No application differentiation Browser Applications MAC HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video 00:00:1D:FE:56:AC

30. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet Is layer 3 enough? No application differentiation IP Browser Applications MAC IP MAC IP MAC HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video 134.141.50.4

31. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Consider the Internet/Intranet Application Aware The basis of –QoS –Service Levels –Security –Accounting IP TCP/UDP Browser Applications MAC IP MAC Unique Ports TCP/UDP IP MAC HTTP FTP E-Mail Voice Video

32. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Application Aware - QoS Class Based Static QoS Definitions Consider VoIP SAP BAAN Oracle Web RealPlayer Netshow Video Voice - H323 E-Mail FTP SNMP DNS LDAP Network Bandwidth

33. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Application Aware - QoS Flow Based Bandwidth Static or Dynamic Specify in Kilobits/Sec Classify against Port or Layer 4 flow Granular Flows 64Kbps from a particular Port 128Kbps from a specific Host 30Mbps for H323 Voice 2Mbps for the CEO using SAP- R3 Network Bandwidth

34. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation The Traditional Router Software/Microprocessor based systems –serial forwarding Performance and Functionality - Mutually Exclusive High Latency Expensive Future - looks bleak

35. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation The Traditional Switch ASIC Based Systems –Parallel Forwarding High Performance Low Latency Too little control? Limited scalability? Future - Secured as access device

36. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Next Generation - Prerequisites Wire-speed Low Latency Scalability Application - Differentiation, Isolation, QoS Security Accounting The enabling technology…...

37. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Layer 4 - Switching “The ability to Switch and Track packets using layer 3 and layer 4 information - at wire-speed” Benefits –Resource allocation at the application layer Aligns network with applications –Security at the application layer –Accounting at the application layer

38. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Layer-4 Enabled QoS Desktop Conferencing, Distance Learning Mission-Critical Applications Voice File Transfer, E-Mail

39. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Layer-4 Switching Usually QoS & security benefits are provided when crossing Layer-3 subnet boundaries The SSR’s Layer-4 switching architecture allows it to provide QoS and security in a Layer-2 domain while remaining standards based No other switch has this feature. Other switches rely on Layer-2 solutions such as 802.1p. Only Cabletron can provide end-to-end QoS and security!

40. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation IP Src IP Dest TOS Protocol Src sock Dest sock TCP/UDP TCP/UDP Dest Dest Dest Source Source Source Net Node Socket Net Node Socket IP Layer-4 Flow IPX Layer-4 Flow Access Control Accounting (RMON2) Quality of Service CongestionSecurity Management SolvesSolves L4 Switching Delivers Wire-speed Functionality

41. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation IP Src IP Dest TOS Protocol Src sock Dest sock TCP/UDP TCP/UDP Dest Dest Dest Source Source Source Net Node Socket Net Node Socket IP Layer-4 Flow IPX Layer-4 Flow Access Control Accounting (RMON2) Quality of Service X XX Only processes this information Layer 3 Switching - “Packet Forwarding Only”

42. 1999 Cabletron Systems SmartSwitch Router: Overview

43. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Next Generation Enterprise Backbones (The five requirements for backbone switching routers) PerformancePerformance Wirespeed, independent of media FullFunctionalityFullFunctionality Security, QoS, Accounting CapacityCapacity Large Route/MAC/Flow Tables PricePrice Approaching that of L2 Switches ManageabilityManageability Quality Instrumentation (RMON2, SNMP)

44. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation The Enabling Technology Wire-speed Layer-4 Flow Switching DefinitionDefinition wire-speed Ability to classify, process and forward, layer-4 application conversations at wire-speed BenefitBenefit wire-speed Provide security, allocate QoS, collect statistics and perform accounting at the transport layer, at wire-speed ImplementationImplementation Custom high speed ASICs for packet processing and routing

45. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation The SSR Family SSR 2000 New low cost, enterprise desktop switch for the power workgroup SSR 8000 Existing high performance, high function switch router for the enterprise SSR 8600 New high density, wire-speed switch router for enterprise collapsed backbone and wiring closet applications

46. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Recent Awards “Hot Product - Backbone Switch” - Data Communications January 1999 “Best of the Best” - InternetWeek Magazine December 21, 1998 “Product of the Year - Network Equipment Router” - CTI Magazine December 15, 1998 “Best of Breed” - InternetWeek Magazine November 30, 1998 “Most Fully Featured Layer-3 Switch” - Mier Communications November 19, 1998

47. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router 2000 Features –8 Gbps, Up to 32 ports –16 10/100 fixed, 2 option slots –Policy based QoS to the desktop, –Comprehensive security –Detailed accounting –Multicast support –Directory Services Key Applications –L2/L4 Workgroup Switch –Load Balancing Server Farm Switch –Small Enterprise Router WAN

48. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Preview: SmartSwitch Router 2008 Features –8 Gbps, 8.5 Million pps –8 fixed ports of 1000Base-SX –Policy based QoS –Comprehensive security –Detailed accounting –Multicast support –Directory Services Key Applications –L3/L4 Workgroup Aggregation Switch –Load Balancing Server Farm Switch

49. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router 8000 Features –16 Gbps, 15 Million Packets per Second –Maximum capacity of 56- ports –DS-1 through Gigabit Ethernet –Full function enterprise/ISP routing –Wire-speed application level QoS, Security, Accounting –Full redundancy Key Applications –Enterprise Core and/or WAN Edge –Internet access routers, DSLAMs, headends –High-availability server farm aggregation

50. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router 8600 Features –32 Gbps, 34 Million Packets per Second –Up to 120 ports total –DS-1 through Gigabit Ethernet –Full function enterprise/ISP routing –Wire-speed application level QoS, Security, Accounting –Full redundancy Key Applications –Enterprise Wiring Closet L2 –Server Farm Aggregation –Enterprise Core/WAN Routing Switch –Internet Access Aggregation –Internet Aggregate Routing Switch

51. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router 32000 NEBS Level 3 compliant 16 blades –14 I/O blades –1 Control Module or I/O slot –1 Control Module 2 Switching Fabrics – 64 Gbps, 70 Mpps Removable, serviceable external clocking module Redundant Power Supply –110 /240 VAC –-48V DC Front, middle or rear rack mountable

52. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation WAN Interfaces 2 and 4 Port Serial (T1/E1) Hardware Compression –Stac Electronics LZS & Microsoft’s MPPC –Available on the 4 port serial only –Hardware Encryption up to 168-bit keys (includes parity) –DES, Triple DES, RC-4, MD-5 –PPP ECP initially w/ IPSec as a software upgrade –Available on the 4 port serial only 2 Port HSSI (T3/E3) Supporting… –PPP and Frame Relay –Extensive per PVC/SVC Traffic Shaping –Weighted Random Early Detection - WRED

53. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation New SmartSwitch Router Line Cards Gigabit Ethernet –Single port 15-70km Gigabit Ethernet –Dual port 1000Base-SX –Dual port 1000Base-LX SONET (PPP & HDLC encaps) –Quad port OC-3c 32 MB buffering per port –Dual port OC-12c 64 MB buffering per port ATM –Dual port Multi-service ATM T1/E1, T3/E3 and OC-3c –Quad port OC-3c –Dual port OC-12c CMTS –4 port upstream, 1 port downstream DOCSIS compliant cable modem termination blade

54. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation 1 port 70km Gigabit Ethernet 70km Gigabit Ethernet Allows extended reach capabilities far beyond the current 5km maximum provided by the standard Enables gigabit performance for large campus and metropolitan access networks More cost effective and easier to implement than SONET based technologies for dark fiber applications Available for shipment in Q1’99

55. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SSR Common Technology Full function wire-speed switching and wire-speed IP/IPX Routing Full Layer-4 Switching enabling –End to End QoS, security and accounting at wire-speed Common software image –Easy software upgrades, easy management Common line card technology –Speeds time to market ensures backward compatibility Common management platform: SPECTRUM, CoreWatch

56. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Complete Routing/Switching Functionality IP Multicast Port/Protocol VLANs Port/Protocol VLANs IP Unicast RIPRIPOSPFOSPFBGP-4BGP-4RIPRIPSAPSAPDVMRPDVMRPPIM-DMPIM-DMPIM-SMPIM-SM IPX Unicast 802.1pQoS802.1pQoS802.1QTrunking802.1QTrunkingIGMPSnoopingIGMPSnooping 802.1d STP SmartTrunkSmartTrunk DHCPDHCP RSVPRSVP IP QoS/NAT Diff-servDiff-serv Server Array VRRPVRRP

57. 1999 Cabletron Systems Hardware Architecture

58. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 L2 PHY L3 Switching Fabric R5000 Flash Card 10BseT DUART Main Memory EE Prom Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7 Slot 8 Control Module Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Line Card Distributed Routing Architecture

59. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Distributed Input/Output Processing Bridge or Route Bridge or Route L2 Database Arbiter PriorityPriority AccountingAccountingFiltersFilters Encaps & Queuing Demux EncapsEncapsQoSQoS Crossbar L3/L4 Database PriorityPriority AccountingAccountingFiltersFilters Input Processing Output Processing

60. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Flow & Table Management Bridge or Route Bridge or Route L2 Database Arbiter PriorityPriority AccountingAccountingFiltersFilters Encaps & Queuing Demux EncapsEncapsQoSQoS Crossbar L3/L4 Database PriorityPriority AccountingAccountingFiltersFilters Input Processing Output Processing BridgingBridgingVLANsVLANs RoutingRouting AccessControlAccessControlQoSPolicyQoSPolicyRMON/RMON2RMON/RMON2 CPU Module First Packet Subsequent Packets Flow classification and distribution is better than 25,000 flows per second

61. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Crossbar 2.0 Gbps per channel (SSR8000/8600) 4 priority queues per input and output channel Packet switching Overspeed Overflow at output buffers Avoid Head Of Line - look 4 deep per queue Multicast packets replicated in hardware

62. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Multicast Support Output Module Switch Fabric Input Module Efficient packet replication via switch fabric QoS ensures priority Expanding Ring TTL Support Standards based Multicast supportStandards based Multicast support –IGMP v2 (seamless integration with workstations/servers) –DVMRP v3 –PIM-DM, PIM-SM ACLs screen out hosts which attempt to join certain multicast groupsACLs screen out hosts which attempt to join certain multicast groups

63. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation QoS - Packet Classification (Four Classes of Service) Line Speed Gigabit Input Streams ASIC based Layer-3/4 Packet Classifier Buffer Queues Switch Fabric Layer-3: Layer-4 flows mapped to CoS Layer-2: 802.1p priority mapped to CoS Control Priority High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority

64. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation QoS - Multiple Prioritization Schemes ASIC based Packet Encapsulating Engine Switch Fabric Weighted Fair Queuing (ex. 25% per queue) Line Speed 100 Mbps Streams Strict Priority Queuing Buffer Queues Dual MAC Layer-3: TOS/DiffServ Packet Marking Layer-2: 802.1p Packet Marking Control Priority High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority

65. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Per Flow Committed Access Rate (CAR) (Rate Limiting) H F H F HHH F e H F Buffer Queues Switch Fabric HTTP Flow FTP Flow eMail Flow Buffer Queues ASIC Layer-3/4 Packet Classifier H F H F HHH F e H HTTP Flow FTP Flow eMail Flow HHHHHH FF e FFF Excess bandwidth discarded CAR can be performed on - per port - per flow(s) - per application(s) - per host(s) in kilobits per second Control Priority High Priority Medium Priority Low Priority Excess Bandwidth reprioritized to a lower priority H H e HHHHH

66. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Random Early Detection (RED) Maximizes throughput under congestive conditions Provides fair bandwidth reduction between host connections thru implicit notification (dropped packets) Works for TCP only, use CAR for UDP Intelligently differentiates between transient bursts and excessive offered load Avoids TCP slow start oscillations Reduces overall nodal latency Minimum Threshold Maximum Threshold Drop Probability Drop All Queue Depth Time Avg. Queue Depth Weighted RED (WRED) is RED policies per Queue

67. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Key Redundancy Features Fully hot swappable with redundant Control Modules and Switch Fabrics Any number of links can be aggregated (ex. 7 Gig Ethernet links = 14 Gbps BW) Mix and match link speeds for incremental bandwidth Aggregate links with SmartTRUNK 55095509 Fully Interoperable with Cisco’s Fast Etherchannel and other Server trunking protocols Superior balancing based on flows rather than MAC address Can balance flows using “round robin” or link utilization algorithms VRRP Standby Router VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) protects clients using default gateways Equal Cost Multipath OSPF can multiply the effective bandwidth over 4 paths

68. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Web Hosting with Gigabit Ethernet Server Array Load-balancing based on Layer 4 Application traffic: round robin, server utilization, server availability Jumbo Frame Support with hardware IP Fragmentation support to lower MTU interfaces (“Don’t Fragment” bit not set) Large Packet Buffering to insure zero packet loss under any conditions Add a F5 Labs BIGip Server Array controller for added load balancing functionality Layer-4 Quality of Service and Access Control Lists plus support for Diff-serv Full RMON I & RMON II Supported along with LFAP for Accounting Transparent Web Caching: Redirect HTTP requests to a Web cache server

69. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Gigabit Ethernet Metro Networks Up to 70 kilometers Long distances supported over high- performance, simple to manage gigabit ethernet links No route cache, full route tables loaded on line card (up to 200,000). Allows for non-stop, wire-speed routing Layer-4 Control to provide Quality of Service & Access Control as well as modifying the IP TOS/Diff-serv field Accounting can be performed either per-flow or by prefix and next hop SmartTrunk allows for parallel, load- balanced paths with fast failover. Layer-4 keeps the packets in order Equal Cost Multipath Routing balances the load (up to 4 equal cost routes)

70. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Core IP Routing over SONET No route cache, full route tables loaded on line card (up to 200,000). Allows for non-stop, wire-speed routing Equal Cost Multipath Routing balances the load (up to 4 equal cost routes) Layer-4 Control to provide Quality of Service & Access Control as well as modifying the IP TOS/Diff-serv field Like the Gigabit Ethernet modules, SONET cards also support Weighted Fair Queuing & Weighted Random Early Detection to prevent congestive collapse as well as guaranteeing bandwidth Supports PPP, MLPPP & HDLC encapsulations Support of 1:1 SONET APS to protect against fiber cuts/outages Secondary SONET Ring

71. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Core IP Routing over ATM Support for Classical IP & RFC 1483 Support for UBR, VBR, CBR & TM 4.0 Future support for Multi-Protocol Label Swapping as a software upgrade Higher density OC-3c & OC-12c lower the cost for high-speed LAN & WAN services LANE 2.0 & MPC enhance support for LAN connectivity PPP over ATM support allows for supporting DSLAM termination and value added xDSL services Multi-service ATM module allows for connections to: T1/E1, T3/E3 and OC- 3c pipes using modular phys ATM

72. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router Cable Modem Termination Provides integrated headend solution Allows deployment of other services from same headend chassis Easily scales to add new subscribers Application level QoS at wire speed DOCSISv1.0 support Compatible with residential cable modems DOCSIS v1.1 support QoS and CBR needed for VoIP and Enterprise applications Enhanced RF Signal Analysis for SPECTRUM SPECTRUM Support Allows central configuration and control of regional headend CMTS; cable modem authentication and management SONET Ring Broad range up WAN/LAN uplink support HFC

73. 1999 Cabletron Systems Cabletron Solutions

74. 3rd Wave Enterprise Solutions Small Business Medium BusinessLarge Business SmartSwitch Router 2000 for integrated high-performance LAN and WAN access SmartSTACK for low-cost expansion Core Watch and SPEL Management SmartSTACK for low cost links SmartSwitch Router 100/200 for a full suite of remote access choices Web Management SmartSwitch 6000 for high- density wiring closets SmartSwitch Router for Network Core/WAN edge SmartSwitch Router 100/200, 500 and 2000 family for WAN SPECTRUM Management INTERNET CABLE DSL ISDN

75. 3rd Wave Service Provider Solutions Hosting Virtual Private Networks SSR 100/200 for small business, telecommuters, small offices VPN over ISDN, DSL and cable SSR 500/700 for branch offices SSR 2000/8000/8600/32000 with performance & QoS for future Gigabit-class VPN SmartSwitch Routers for high performance, high density load balancing, accounting, web-caching SmartSwitch 6000 for redundant, high density, feature rich layer-2 infrastructure components SmartSwitch Router 100 for ISDN SmartSwitch Router 250 for ADSL SmartSwitch Router 245 for Cable or DSL access SmartSwitch Router 265 for Cable access Extranet SAC SmartSwitch 6000r SmartSwitch Router SAC InternetWAN Carrier Backbone Small Office Home Office Sites Corporate and Branch Sites Internet Carrier Backbone DSL SSR 520 SSR 265 SSR 250 SSR 100 Large Business SSR 100 INTERNET CABLE Home Office ISDN DSL SSR 250 SSR 245 SSR 265 Modem Branch Office Broadband “last-mile”

76. 1999 Cabletron Systems Content Hosting

77. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Market Need Eight reasons Internet Traffic Management Products are needed: 1. Computers fail 2. Single computers aren’t big enough 3. Computers are not equal 4. Site popularity varies 5. Not all requests are equally important 6. Bad things happen 7. Networks are expensive - disks are cheap 8. The internet is flaky

78. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation ITM Market Projection Source: Collaborative Research 1999

79. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Market Dynamics "Five years from now, if you're a CIO, you won't be buying from a vendor anymore… You'll rent all your resources from a service provider." Scott McNealy, CEO Sun Microsystems ASPISP Internet Service Provider Application Service Provider

80. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Content Hosting Solutions Customer Business Needs –Reliable, high-performance access to web-based mission-critical applications –Fully utilize server capacity –Secure network boundary lines –Enforced network policies for assigned user Cabletron’s Network Solutions –Scaleable high performance SmartSwitch Router solutions for high speed access and switching –Cabletron’s BIG/ip server load balancer for non-stop server availability –Distributed load balancing for remote site coordination –Nokia Firewall for secure access and data protection –SPECTRUM IP traffic accounting for billing and capacity planning Intranet Extranet BIG/ip SmartSwitch Router BIG/ip InternetWAN Nokia

81. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Content Hosting Solutions Cabletron’s Advantage –High-performance, Layer 3 and 4 switching router for high available, redundant server access –Highly scalable solution: form the smallest ISP to the largest carrier –Router based Firewall for secure access access serving internal and external users –Wide area routing for internet and remote user access –Accounting application for billing and capacity planning –Advanced local and distributed server load balancing for non-stop operation Customer Business Benefits –Increase revenue opportunities by providing outsourced hosted services –Optimize server utilization with sophisticated load balancing –Improve customer return rates by distributed load balancing and localized content –Reduce equipment and management costs by combining routing, switching and WAN in one box –Scaleable solutions to grow as subscribers and bandwidth demands increase

82. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Content Hosting Solution Sets Small POP Content Hosting Site –e.g. local ISP Medium POP Content Hosting Site –e.g. regional ISP Large POP Content Hosting Site –e.g. national ISP Distributed Content Hosting –e.g. international ISP ISP Traffic Accounting

83. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Small POP Content Hosting Solution Customer Business Need –Small hosting site –Minimum amount of equipment due to limited space –High security for e-commerce –10-100 Mb/s performance Cabletron’s Network Solution –SmartSwitch Router 8000 with WAN card and BGP for Interent connection –Nokia IP440 Firewall/Router –SmartSwitch Router 8000 with LSNAT load balancing support –10 or 100 FE LAN connections Internet LSNAT group 10/100 BGP domain T1/T3 Web Content/Application Servers

84. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Small POP Content Hosting Solution Cabletron Advantage –WAN and BGP in Switch/Router –Industry leading firewall support (Checkpoint FireWall-1) –Industry leading 16M pps Switch/Routing performance (SSR 8000) –Comprehensive set of load balancing algorithms (LSNAT) –Traffic prioritization and rate shaping/flow limiting –Scaleable solution that can grow with the service provider Customer Business Benefits –Increased productivity and reliability I.e. more uptime –Security for Extranet and Intranet applications –Reduced cost of ownership from better utilization of resources –Reduced equipment cost from integration of switch and router platforms into one box –Reduced Management costs from policy based usage and accounting –Offer differentiated services –Higher customer return rate

85. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Medium POP Content Hosting Solution Customer Business Need –Redundant & scalable content hosting solution –High security for e-commerce –100 -1000 Mb/s performance Cabletron’s Network Solution –Dual Nokia IP440 or 650 Firewall/Router –SmartSwitch Router 8600 with dual VLANs –Dual BIG/ip for redundant load balancing –100 FE or 1000 GbE LAN connections Internet Web Content/Application Servers VLAN 1 VLAN 2

86. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Mega POP Content Hosting Solution Customer Business Need –Fully redundant & scalable hosting solution –Multiple security domains for hosted sites & applications –>1000 Mb/s performance and low delay Cabletron’s Network Solution –Multiple Nokia IP440 or 650 Firewall/Router –SmartSwitch Router 8600 with dual VLANs –Multiple BIG/ip for redundant load balancing –100 FE or 1000 GbE LAN connections GbE Internet BGP domain 10/100 GbE abc.com xyz.com

87. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Mega POP Content Hosting Solution Cabletron Advantage –WAN and BGP in Switch –Policy Based Routing for multiple Firewall support –Industry leading firewall support (Checkpoint FireWall-1) –Industry leading 32M pps Switch/Routing performance (SSR 8600) –Full set of load balancing algorithms (BIG/ip) –Automatic failover with watchdog cards and VRRP –Traffic prioritization and rate shaping/flow limiting Customer Business Benefits –Increased productivity and reliability I.e. more uptime –Security for Extranet and Intranet applications – Higher customer return rate from better utilization of resources –Reduced equipment cost from integration of switch and router platforms into one box –Increased revenue opportunities from IP usage and accounting statistics –Ability to offer differentiated services

88. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Why Policy based Routing is required TCP ACK goes through firewall to server Server side switch must ensure TCP SYN goes back thru same firewall to preserve state context Use the Least Significant Bit of IP address to determine: –odd addresses go left –even addresses go right Can scale for for more bits e.g. 2, 3, 4 for more firewalls TCP-ACK TCP-SYN xx-xx-xx-x1xx-xx-xx-x0

89. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Internal Product Positioning

90. 1999 Cabletron Systems IP Accounting - The Technology David Delcourt Advanced Applications Manager

91. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Accounting & Planning Enterprise & Public Services –Planning and Resource Allocation –Quality of Service Association –Expense Appropriation ISP & Telco –Service Billing –New Service Deployment Out-Source –Service Billing –Service Level Proof of Delivery So many businesses want to understand their communications ‘profiles’

92. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Monitoring and Feedback Traffic Accounting –Cost effective way to baseline traffic flows –Long term network usage recording –Traffic and Resource reporting Reporting by –Individual –Department –Application Local or Wide Area Network reporting Cost effective, highly accurate business reporting tool

93. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation IP Traffic Accounting Expense Appropriation Bill departments or groups Usage reports for users Aggregate bandwidth consumption by application Capacity and growth planning Reporting Reports can be generated and emailed on a scheduled interval. Daily, weekly, and monthly reports for each user, department, or company. Report activity of critical resources such as file servers, mail servers, and database servers.

94. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Component Parts of Accounting Cabletron Traffic Accountant (CTA) –Interrogating, Viewing and Storing Data Flow Accounting Server (FAS) –Data Collector SmartSwitch Router –Infrastructure

95. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Cabletron Traffic Accountant The Cabletron Traffic Accountant, CTA, performs many tasks –Aggregation The CTA receives files from the FAS and looks at the SIP/DIP pairs as well as Source/Destination Ports to determine conversations Many flows then get “aggregated” down to a single entry in the database –Integration After the Aggregation is done, the information must be entered into the database Costing and Directory matching is done at this time as well –Reports and Queries There are over 30 different prepared reports and queries that can be run against the data

96. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Flow Accounting Server The Flow Accounting Server, FAS, provides several key features –Scalable The FAS can accept up to 8000 LFPS messages per second The FAS organises the messages by source SSR and Flow ID –Fault Tolerant The FAS can be Primary for one group of Smart Switch Routers and also be Secondary for another group of SSR’s When an SSR must switch from a Primary to a Secondary FAS, the Flow ID is the unique identifier to keep track of the flow status

97. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation SmartSwitch Router The SmartSwitch Router, SSR, is a required element of the Accounting model The SSR has a Lightweight Flow Accounting Protocol, LFAP, agent embedded in firmware –Part of firmware version 2.0.0.0 and later –LFAP is a TCP orientated protocol that “pushes” flow information from the SSR to the FAS

98. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Accounting ‘Element’ Model

99. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Traffic Differentiation Model Layer 4 Capabilities attract a wider customer audience

100. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Deployment Architecture FAS SSR CTA LFAP FTP Backup FAS’s SPARC/Solaris 2.5.1 PC/NT 4.0 FAS

101. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Typical Schema FAS üPrimary Policy üAccounting CTA FAS  Policy üAccounting FAS  Policy üAccounting FAS  Policy üAccounting SSR Acct Policy Acct

102. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation ISP Traffic Accounting Solution Customer Business Need –Understand network traffic patterns for capacity planning –Bill customers for application usage –Understand application usage Cabletron’s Network Solution –SmartSwitch Router 8000/8600 –Flow Accounting Server (Sun Ultra application –Cabletron Traffic Accountant (NT application) Internet Web Content/Application Servers LFAP Flow Accounting Server (FAS) Cabletron Traffic Accountant (CTA)

103. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation ISP Traffic Accounting Solution Cabletron Advantage –Industry leading 32M pps Switch/Routing performance while collecting stats (SSR) –Industry unique application flow recording (SSR/FAS) –Industry unique LFAP based data collection aggregator (FAS) –Customer and standard report templates for capacity planning & billing (CTA) –Exception reporting for abnormal usage notification –Performance reports for capacity planning Customer Business Benefits –Reduced cost of ownership from better utilization of resources –Reduced equipment cost by provisioning for real application volume –Reduced Management costs from policy based usage and accounting –Increased revenue from understanding application use and streamlining e-commerce traffic –Increased performance from identifying network hogs –Ability to bill or charge-back for server use

104. 1999 Cabletron Systems Survival & Growth - Enterprise Presentation Summary Cabletron Systems are leading the industry for –Policy –Directory –Accounting Cabletron Systems has a complete set of services and solutions, not just one off products or concepts Cabletron Systems has the hardware platforms ie. SmartSwitch and SmartSwitch Routers to run these services We have the Channel & Partners to deliver to our customers