1. Numeric Reasoning (1.1)

2. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES - Count from the first non-zero number e.g. State the number of significant figures (s.f.) in the following: a) 7553 b) 4.06 c) 0.012 4 s.f. 3 s.f. 2 s.f. Zero’s at the front are known as place holders and are not counted - A way of representing numbers DECIMAL PLACES - Count from the first number after the decimal point e.g. State the number of decimal places (d.p.) in the following: a) 70.6523 d.p. - Another way of representing numbers b) 0.0213 d.p. c) 460 d.p.

3. ROUNDING 1. DECIMAL PLACES (d.p.) i) Count the number of places needed AFTER the decimal point ii) Look at the next digit - If it’s a 5 or more, add 1 to the previous digit - If it’s less than 5, leave previous digit unchanged iii) Drop off any extra digits e.g. Round 6.12538 to: a) 1 decimal place (1 d.p.)b) 4 d.p. Next digit =2 = leave unchanged = 6.1 Next digit =8 = add 1 = 6.1254 The number of places you have to round to should tell you how many digits are left after the decimal point in your answer. i.e. 3 d.p. = 3 digits after the decimal point. When rounding decimals, you DO NOT move digits

4. 2. SIGNIFCANT FIGURES (s.f.) i) Count the number of places needed from the first NON-ZERO digit ii) Look at the next digit - If it’s a 5 or more, add 1 to the previous digit - If it’s less than 5, leave previous digit unchanged iii) If needed, add zeros as placeholders to keep the number the same size e.g. Round 0.00564 to: a) 1 significant figure (1 s.f.)a) 2 s.f. Next digit =2 = leave unchanged = 6.1 Next digit =7 = add 1 = 19 e.g. Round 18730 to: 000 Don’t forget to include zeros if your are rounding digits BEFORE the decimal point. Your answer should still be around the same place value - ALWAYS round sensibly i.e. Money is rounded to2 d.p.

5. ESTIMATION - Involves guessing what the real answer may be close to by working with whole numbers e.g. Estimate a) 4.986 × 7.003 =b) 413 × 2.96 =5 × 7400 × 3 = 35 = 1200 - Generally we round numbers to 1 significant figure first

6. STANDARD FORM 1. MULTIPLYING BY POWERS OF 10 - Digits move to the left by the amount of zero’s a) 2.56 × 10 =b) 0.83 × 1000 =25.6830 As a power of 10: 10 =As a power of 10: 1000 =10 1 10 3 Therefore, when multiplying by a power of 10, the power tells us - How many places to move the digits to the left 2. STANDARD FORM - Is a way to show very large or very small numbers - Is written in two parts: A number between 1 - 10A power of 10× e.g. 2.8 × 10 14 5.58 × 10 -4 Positive power = large number Negative power = small number

7. 3. WRITING NUMBERS INTO STANDARD FORM - Move decimal point so that it is just after the first significant figure - Number of places moved give the power - If point moves left the power is positive, if it moves right, the power is negative e.g. Convert the following into standard form a) 7 3 1 0 0 0b) 3. 6 6 c) 0. 0 0 0 8 2 If there is no decimal point, place it after the last digit. = 7.31× 10 5 = 3.66× 10 0 = 8.2× 10 -4 4. STANDARD FORM INTO ORDINARY NUMBER - Power of 10 tells us how many places to move the decimal point - If power is positive, move point right. If power is negative move point left - Extra zeros may need to be added in a) 6. 5 × 10 4 b) 7. 3 1 2 × 10 0 c) 6. 9 × 10 -2 = 65000= 7.312 = 0.069

8. -5-4-3-2012345 1. ADDING INTEGERS - One strategy is to use a number line but use whatever strategy suits you i) Move to the right if adding positive integers ii) Move to the left if adding negative integers a) -3 + 5 =b) -5 + 9 =2 c) 1 + -4 =d) -1 + -3 =-3-4 e.g. 4 2. SUBTRACTING INTEGERS - One strategy is to add the opposite of the second integer to the first e.g. a) 5 - 2 =b) 4 - - 2 =c) 1 - -6 =34 + 2 = 6 1 + 6 = 7 - For several additions/subtractions work from the left to the right a) 2 - -8 + -3 =b) -4 + 6 - -3 + -2 =10 + -3 = 7 2 - -3 + -2 = 5 + -2 = 3Integers

9. 3. MULTIPLYING/DIVIDING INTEGERS - If both numbers being multiplied have the same signs, the answer is positive - If both numbers being multiplied have different signs, the answer is negative e.g. a) 5 × 3 =b) -5 × -3 =c) -5 × 3 =15 - d) 15 ÷ 3 =e) -15 ÷ -3 =f) 15 ÷ -3 = 15 55-5 BEDMAS - Describes order of operations B E D M A S rackets xponents ivision ultiplication ddition ubtraction Work left to right if only these two (Also known as powers/indices) e.g. 4 × (5 + -2 × 6) = 4 × (5 + -12) = 4 × (-7) = -28

10. POWERS - Show repeated multiplication e.g. a) 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 =b) 2 2 =3434 2 × 2 - Squaring = raising to a power of: - Cubing = raising to a power of: 2 3 e.g. 6 squared =6262 = 6 × 6 = 36 e.g. 4 cubed =4343 = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 1. WORKING OUT POWERS e.g. a) 3 3 =b) 5 4 = = 27 5 × 5 × 5 × 53 × 3 × 3 = 625 On a calculator you can use the x y or ^ button. 2. POWERS OF NEGATIVE NUMBERS a) -5 3 =b) -6 4 = = -125 -6 × -6 × -6 × -6-5 × -5 × -5 = 1296 With an ODD power, the answer will be negative With an EVEN power, the answer will be positive If using a calculator you must put the negative number in brackets!

11. SQUARE ROOTS - The opposite of squaring e.g. The square root of 36 is 6 because:6 × 6= 6 2 = 36 e.g. a) √64 =b) √169 =813 - On the calculator use the √ button or √x button e.g. a) √10 =3.16 (2 d.p.) - Other roots can be calculated using the x√ button or x √y button e.g. 4 √1296 =4 shift x√1296 = 6 This is because 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 6 4 And 6 4 = 1296

12. FRACTIONS - Show how parts of an object compare to its whole e.g. Fraction shaded =1414 1. SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS - Fractions must ALWAYS be simplified where possible - Done by finding numbers (preferably the highest) that divide exactly into the numerator and denominators of a fraction e.g. Simplify a) 5 = 10 b) 6 = 9 c) 45 = 60 ÷ 5 1212 ÷ 3 2323 ÷ 5 9 12 ÷ 3 = 3 4

13. 2. MULTIPLYING FRACTIONS - Multiply numerators and bottom denominators separately then simplify. a) 3 × 1 5 6 e.g. Calculate: = 3 30 b) 3 × 2 4 5 = 6 20 = 3 × 1 5 × 6 = 3 × 2 4 × 5 ÷ 3 = 1 10 ÷ 2 = 3 10 - If multiplying by a whole number, place whole number over 1. a) 3 × 5 20 e.g. Calculate: = 15 20 b) 2 × 15 3 = 30 3 = 3 × 5 20 × 1 = 2 × 15 3 × 1 ÷ 5 = 3 4 ÷ 3 = 10 1 = 3 × 5 20 1 = 2 × 15 3 1 (= 10)

14. 3. RECIPROCALS - Simply turn the fraction upside down. e.g. State the reciprocals of the following: a) 3 5 b) 4 = 5 3 = 4 1 = 1 4 4. DIVIDING BY FRACTIONS - Multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second, then simplify a) 2 ÷ 3 3 4 e.g. Simplify: = 8 9 = 2 3 ×4343 = 2 × 4 3 × 3 b) 4 ÷ 3 5 = 4 ÷ 3 5 1 = 4 15 = 4 5 ×1313 = 4 × 1 5 × 3

15. 5. ADDING/SUBTRACTING FRACTIONS a) With the same denominator: - Add/subtract the numerators and leave the denominator unchanged. Simplify if possible. a) 3 + 1 5 5 e.g. Simplify: = 3 + 1 5 = 4 8 ÷ 4 = 4 5 b) 7 - 3 8 8 = 7 - 3 8 = 1 2 b) With different denominators: - Multiply denominators to find a common denominator. - Cross multiply to find equivalent numerators. - Add/subtract fractions then simplify. e.g. Simplify: a) 1 + 2 4 5 = 5 + 8 20 = 13 20 b) 9 – 3 10 4 = 36 – 30 40 = 6 40 = 4×5 5×15×1+ 4×2= 10×4 4×94×9- 10×3 ÷ 2 = 3 20

16. 6. MIXED NUMBERS - Are combinations of whole numbers and fractions. a) Changing fractions into mixed numbers: e.g. Change into mixed numbers: a) 13 = 6 b) 22 = 5 2 1616 4 2525 - Divide denominator into numerator to find whole number and remainder gives fraction. b) Changing mixed numbers into improper fractions: - Multiply whole number by denominator and add denominator. e.g. Change into improper fractions: a) 3 = 4 b) 1 = 3 4 × 4 + 3 4 4 = 19 4 6 6 × 3 + 1 3 = 19 3

17. - To solve problems change mixed numbers into improper fractions first. e.g. 1 1 2 = 2 3 2× 1 × 2 + 1 2 × 2 × 3 + 2 3 = 3 × 8 2 3 = 24 6 = 4 1 (= 4) Note: All of the fraction work can be done on a calculator using the a b/c button 7. RECURRING DECIMALS - Decimals that go on forever in a pattern - Dots show where pattern begins (and ends) and which numbers are included e.g. Write as a recurring decimals: a)2 3 b) 2 11 c) 1 7 = 0.66666... = 0.6 = 0.181818... = 0.18 = 0.142857142... = 0.142857

18. 8. FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS a) Changing fractions into decimals: - One strategy is to divide numerator by denominator e.g. Change the following into decimals: a) 2 = 5 b) 5 = 6 0.40.83 b) Changing decimals into fractions: - Number of digits after decimal point tells us how many zero’s go on the bottom e.g. Change the following into fractions: a) 0.75b) 0.56= 75 100 Don’t forget to simplify! = 3 4 = 56 100 = 14 25 (÷ 4) 9. COMPARING FRACTIONS - One method is to change fractions to decimals e.g. Order from SMALLEST to LARGEST: 1 2 2 4 2 5 3 9 0.50.40.60.4 2525 4949 1212 2323 Again a b/c button can be used

19. Decimals - Also known as decimal fractions - Place values of decimals are very important to know. - There are two parts to numbers, the whole number part and fraction part. Whole numberFraction part ThousandsHundredsTensOnesTenths Hundredths Thousandths

20. 1. ADDING DECIMALS - Use whatever strategy you find most useful e.g. a) 2.7 + 4.8 =b) 3.9 + 5.2 = c) 23.74 + 5.7 =d) 12.8 + 16.65 = 7.59.1 29.4429.45 2. SUBTRACTING DECIMALS - Again use whatever strategy you find most useful e.g. a) 4.8 – 2.7 =b) 5.2 – 3.9 = c) 23.4 - 5.73 =d) 16.65 – 12.8 = 2.11.3 17.673.85 3. MULTIPLYING DECIMALS - Again use whatever strategy you find most useful a) 0.5 × 9.24 =b) 2.54 × 3.62 =4.629.1948 One method is to firstly ignore the decimal point and then when you finish multiplying count the number of digits behind the decimal point in the question to find where to place the decimal point in the answer

21. 4. DIVIDING DECIMALS BY WHOLE NUMBERS - Again use whatever strategy you find most useful a) 8.12 ÷ 4 =b) 74.16 ÷ 6 =2.0312.36 c) 0.048 ÷ 2 =d) 0.0056 ÷ 8 =0.0240.0007 e) 2.3 ÷ 5 =f) 5.7 ÷ 5 =0.461.14 - Whole numbers = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,... 5. DIVIDING BY DECIMALS - It is often easier to move the digits left in both numbers so that you are dealing with whole numbers a) 18.296 ÷ 0.04b) 2.65 ÷ 0.5 457.45.31829.6 ÷ 4 =26.5 ÷ 5 =

22. PERCENTAGES - Percent means out of 100 1. PERCENTAGES, FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS a) Percentages into decimals and fractions: e.g. Change the following into decimals and fractions: a) 65%b) 6%c) 216% - Divide by (decimals) or place over (fractions) 100 and simplify if possible = 0.65 = 65 100 = 13 20 = 0.06 = 6 100 = 3 50 = 2.16 = 216 100 = 54 25 (= 4 ) 25 2 (÷ 5)(÷ 2)(÷ 4) b) Fractions into percentages: - Multiply by 100 a)2 5 b)5 4 c)3 7 = 2 × 100 5 1 = 5 × 100 4 1 = 3 × 100 7 1 = 200 5 = 40% = 500 4 = 125% = 300 7 = 42.86% e.g. Change the following fractions into percentages: ÷ 100

23. c) Decimals into percentages: - Multiply by 100 a)0.26b)0.78c)1.28× 100= 26% × 100= 78%× 100= 128% e.g. Change the following decimals into percentages: 2. PERCENTAGES OF QUANTITIES - Use a strategy you find easy, such as finding simpler percentages and adding, or by changing the percentage to a decimal and multiplying a) 47.5% of $160b) 75% of 200 kg e.g. Calculate: 10% =16 5% =8 2.5% =4 Therefore 45% = 16 × 4 + 8 + 4 = $76 = 0.75× 200 = 150 kg

24. 3. INCREASES AND DECREASES BY A PERCENTAGE a) Either find percentage and add to or subtract from original amount e.g. Carol finds a $60 top with a 15% discount. How much does she pay? 10% =6 5% =3 15% =$9 Therefore she pays = 60 - 9 = $51 e.g. A shop puts a mark up of 20% on items. What will be the selling price for an item the shop buys for $40? 0.2× 40= $8Therefore the selling price = 40 + 8 = $48 b) Or use the following method: Decreased Amount Increased Amount × 1 + % as a decimal × 1 - % as a decimal a) Increase $40 by 20% = 40 × 1.2 = $48 b) Decrease $60 by 15% = 60 × 0.85 = $51

25. 4. ONE AMOUNT AS A PERCENTAGE OF ANOTHER - A number of similar strategies such as setting up a fraction and multiplying by 100 exist. e.g. Paul got 28 out of 50. What percentage is this? 100 ÷ 50 = 2(each mark is worth 2%) 28 × 2 = 56% e.g. Mark got 39 out of 50. What percentage is this? 39 50 × 100 = 78% 5. WORKING OUT ORIGINAL QUANITIES - Convert the final amount’s percentage into a decimal. - Divide the final amount by the decimal. e.g. 16 is 20% of an amount. What is this amount e.g. A price of $85 includes a tax mark-up of 15%. Calculate the pre-tax price. 20% as a decimal =0.2 Amount =16÷ 0.2 = 80 Final amount as a percentage =100 + 15 =115 Final amount as a decimal =1.15 Pre-tax price =85÷ 1.15 = $73.91 To spot these types of questions, look for words such as ‘pre’, ‘before’ or ‘original’

26. - To calculate percentage increase/decrease we can use: Percentage increase/decrease = decrease/increase × 100 original amount e.g. Mikes wages increased from $11 to $13.50 an hour. a) How much was the increase? b) Calculate the percentage increase 13.50 - 11= $2.50 2.50 11 × 100= 22.7%(1 d.p.) e.g. A car originally brought for $4500 is resold for $2800. What was the percentage decrease in price? Decrease = $1700 = 4500 - 2800Percentage Decrease= 1700 4500 × 100 = 37.8%(1 d.p.) 5. PERCENTAGE INCREASE/DECREASE To spot these types of questions, look for the word ‘percentage’

27. GST - Is a tax of 15% - To calculate GST increase/decreases use: Decreased Amount Increased Amount × 1.15 ÷ 1.15 a) Calculate the GST inclusive price if $112 excludes GST bi) An item sold for $136 includes GST 112 × 1.15= $128.80 136 ÷ 1.15 ii) How much is the GST worth? = $118.26 136 – 118.26= $17.74

28. INTEREST FROM BANKS - Two types 1) Simple:Only paid interest once at the end. Formula for Simple Interest:I = P × R × T 100 Where I = Interest earned, P = deposit, R = interest rate, T = time e.g. Calculate the interest on $200 deposited for 3 years at an interest rate of 8% p.a. p.a. =Per annum (year) I = 200 × 8 × 3 100 I = $48

29. 2) Compound:Interest is added to the deposit on which further interest is earned. e.g. Calculate the compound interest on $200 deposited for 3 years at an interest rate of 8% p.a. First Year’s Interest =200 x0.08 = $16 This amount is then added onto the original deposit before the next years interest is calculated Second Year’s Interest =216 x0.08 = $17.28 Third Year’s Interest =233.28 x0.08 = $18.66 Interest Earned =16 + 17.28 + 18.66 = $51.94 A quicker method =200 x1.08 Original amount “1” plus the extra 8% “0.08” 3 Number of years = $251.94 Interest Earned =251.94 - 200 = $51.94

30. RATIOS - Compare amounts of two quantities of similar units - Written with a colon - Can be simplified just like fractions and should always contain whole numbers e.g. Simplify 200 mL : 800 mL ÷200 1 mL : 4 mL e.g. Simplify 600 m : 2 km Must have the same units! 600 m : 2000 m ÷200 3 m : 10 m 1. RATIOS, FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES e.g. Fuel mix has 4 parts oil to 21 parts petrol. a) What fraction of the mix is petrol? b) What percentage of the mix is oil? Total parts:4 + 21= 25Fraction of petrol: 21 25 Total parts = 35Percentage of oil: 4 25 × 100= 16%

31. 2. SPLITTING IN GIVEN RATIOS - Steps:i) Add parts ii) Divide total into amount being split iii) Multiply answer by parts in given ratio e.g. Split $1400 between two people in the ratio 2:5 e.g. What is the smallest ratio when $2500 is split in the ratio 5:3:2 Total parts:2 + 5= 7 Divide into amount:1400 ÷ 7= 200 Multiply by parts:200 × 2= $400200 × 5= $1000 Answer: $400 : $1000 Order of a ratio is very important Total parts:5 + 3 + 2= 10 Divide into amount:2000 ÷ 10 Multiply by parts:250 × 2= $500 Answer: $500 = 250

32. 3. RATIO EQUATIONS e.g. Find x if x : 8 = 4 : 2 As ratios are equivalent, we can use multiplication 2 × = 84 4 × 4 = x x = 16 e.g. A rugby team has a forwards to backs ratio of 8 : 7. If 35 backs are picked for camp, how many forwards should be there? First set up equivalent ratios x : 35 = 8 : 7 7 × = 355 8 × 5 = x x = 40 backs

33. RATES - Compare quantities in different units e.g. A cyclist covers a distance of 80 km in 4 hours. Calculate the cyclists speed Rate = km per hour80 ÷ 4= 20 km/hr e.g. A person can shell oysters at a rate of 12 per minute a) How many oysters can they shell in 4 minutes? b) How long will it take them to shell at least 200 oysters? 12 × 4Rate = oysters per minute= 48 oysters 200 ÷ 12= 16.6 Therefore it will take 17 minutes

34. PROPORTIONS - If less for 1, divide then multiply. - If more for 1, multiply then divide. e.g. If 4 oranges cost $3.60, how much will 9 cost? It costs less money for 1 orange so divide then multiply 3.60 ÷ 4 =0.90 9 × 0.90 =$8.10 e.g. If it takes 6 painters 15 days to paint a school, how long will it take for 10? It takes more time for 1 painter so multiply then divide 6 × 15 =90 90 ÷ 10 =9 days