2. INTERFERENCES TO SAFETY NEEDS DUE TO SENSORY DEPRIVATION AND AGING 2009

3. SIGHTED CHILD VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILD Response to objects Eye contact Body image development Motor function Crawling How learns HOW TO DETECT VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN INFANT

4. REHAB OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED CHILD GRIEVINGPlay OverprotectionFeeding Sensorimotor stimulationSafety Bonding Speed of Development Touch Mobility

5. COURTESIES TO BLIND HOSPITALIZED PATIENT CATEGORYWHAT TO DO Environment walking What to say to pt as enter room Words like “see” Touching pt Object in room Food tray

6. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION PURPOSE Tonometry Tonography Gonioscopy slit lamp opthalmoscopic exam A scan ultrasound (echography)

7. GLAUCOMA What is the major characteristic of this disorder? How does this impair vision? What situations increase intraocular pressure normally? Why don’t we all get increased intraocular pressure?

8. GLAUCOMA PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA

9. Primary open angle glaucoma What happens to the outlflow of aqueous humor? How does this effect intraocular pressure?

10. Angle closure glaucoma What changes occur to the iris? With these changes what happens to the outflow of aqueous humor?

11. COMPARISON OF EARLY AND LATE SYMPTOMS OF GLAUCOMA EARLY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS LATE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS visual fields visual acuity Around lights pain

12. TWO TYPES COMPARED PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE With progressive changes what happens to aqueus humor? Tonometry reading: ANGLE CLOSURE OTHER NAMES: EMERGENCY When must the pt be treated? What happens if they aren’t treated? Tonometry reading:

13. DRUGS: MIOTICS Miotics: do what? pilocarpine hydrochloride (Isopto Carpine, Pilocar, Spersacarpine, Akarpine, Pilopine): enhances aqueous outflow carbachol (Carboptic, Carbastat) Isopto Carbachol, Miostat): may be used with or in place of pilocarpine PUPIL SIZE (MIOSIS) IOP OUTFLOW AQUEOUS HUMORRELIEF OF GLAUCOMA

14. DRUGS: CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS: How do the Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors treat glaucoma? EXAMPLES: acetazolamide (Acetazolam, Diamox) brinzolamide (Azopt), dorzolamide (Trusopt) Methazolamide (Neptazane) ALERT ALERT ALERT ALERT ALERT! Drug interactions: Digitalis, Steroids, Diuretics, Lithium

15. DRUGS: SYMPATHOMIMETICS How do SYMPATHOMIMETICS treat glaucoma? EXAMPLE: brimonidine (AlphaganP) apraclonidine (Iopidine) epinephryl ( Epifrin, Glaucon), dipivefrin HCl (Propine) PRECAUTIONS with soft contact lenses? DRUG COMBINATION CONCERNS?

16. DRUGS: OSMOTIC DIURETICS OSMOTIC DIURETICS: How does this treat glaucoma? What situations is this used? EXAMPLE: oral glycerin (Osmoglyn) IV mannitol (Osmitrol Or topically: glycerin (Ophthalgan)

17. DRUGS: BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS How do they treat glaucoma? How do they effect the pupil? ALERT ALERT:WHAT MAJOR PRECAUTION MUST BE USED WITH ORAL BETA BLOCKERS AND CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS? EXAMPLES: (what letters do all these drugs have in common? levobunolol HCl (Betagen Liquifilm) betaxolol HCl (Betoptic) metipranolol HCl (Metipranolol, OptiPranolol) carteolol HCl (Ocupress) timolol (Betimol, Timoptic) levobetaxolol (Betaxon)

18. DRUGS: Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist HOW DO THESE DRUGS MANAGE GLAUCOMA? Dilate pupil, decrease aqueous production at the ciliary body, inhibit production of aqueous, but they can also facilitate the outflow of aqueous from the eye EXAMPLES: brimonidine tartrate ( Alphagan): ALERT: cannot combine with MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) Can precipitate hypertensive crisis Cannot be used with contact lens; wait 15 minutes before inserting after administration

19. DRUGS: PROSTAGLANDIN AGONIST HOW DO THESE TREAT GLAUCOMA? What does it do to the outflow of aqueous fluid? How does it effect aqueous fluid production? EXAMPLES OF DRUGS: ****latanoprost (Xalatan) travoprost (Travatan): not to be used with pregnancy bimatoprost (Lumigan) unoprostone isopropyl (Rescula) WHAT DO ALL THESE DRUGS HAVE IN COMMON IN TERMS OF EFFECTING THE IRIS?

20. SURGERY FOR BOTH TYPES OF GLAUCOMA PURPOSE: to create a permanent way to drain fluid TYPES 1. 2.

21. POSTOP NURSING CARE Where is the procedure done? How long do patients stay? What precautions should be taught to the client? How is the eye protected? What should be reported to the doctor? What complications occur? What assessments indicate complications?

22. POSTOP NURSING CARE CONTINUED AVOID ASA : why? What is effective for pain control? What is used prophylactically for 5 days? What is used for several weeks to reduce inflammation and prevent scarring? Why avoid reading ? What should they wear forever? wear medic alert What medical care do they need routinely?

23. CATARACTS Described as what?

24. ASSESSMENTS How is vision changed? How do objects appear? What happens when pt is faced with bright light? Is there pain? How does the lens appear?

25. TREATMENT When does the pt need surgery? Pt chooses to have surgery when the loss of vision interferes with life and safety Where is the surgery done? Done with local, short stay hospital What is done surgically? lens is extracted What is given on surgical day? Why does the client receive oral acetazolamide (Acetazolam )?

26. TYPES OF CATARACT SURGERY Extracapsular - incision through schlera, lens capsule excised, lens is expressed by pressure; most popular Intracapsular extraction - remove lens and capsule that encases it; rare today Phacoemulsification - extracapsular; small incision, uses high frequency ultrasound device, breaks up lens, aspirate it, irrigation

27. TYPES OF SURGERY FOR CATARACTS Intraocular lens implant: prosthetic lens implant inserted after any type of extraction; good for pt over 65 who has arthritis who cannot manage contact lens insertion

28. POSTOP NRSG CARE/ TEACHING What medications are given subconjunctivally? How is the eye protected? When is the client discharged? When does the client return to see the doctor who instills what drugs? When assessing the eye what would you see? What pain level is felt by the client? What drugs should be avoided? What should be taught to client to report? When will sight changes be noted by pt?

29. RETINAL DETACHMENT NORMALLY WHAT DOES RETINA DO? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS A DETACHMENT? Who is more at risk for this?

30. ASSESSMENT INDICATING RETINAL DETACHMENT What do pts see suddenly? How is sight effected? How quickly does this occur

31. SURGICAL TREATMENT Same day surgery with general anesthesia laser photocoagulation: scar tissue formed to closed the leakage schleral buckling: silicone buckle sutured into schlera supports the breaks in retina

32. POSTOP NURSING CARE DISCHARGE TEACHING How is the eye protected? What activity is allowed? Why is the client positioned on his or her abdomen if gas or oil has been used during surgery? How will the client feel postop? What should be avoided?

33. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

34. CAUSED BY Damage to or occlusion of the blood vessels that nourish the retina as a result of inadequate blood glucose control Weakened vesels become hyperpermeable and leak causing microhemorrhages Observe for cloudy or hazy vision of sudden onset TREATMENT: laser surgery to close leak

35. MACULAR DEGENERATION DEFINED: deterioration of the macula TWO TYPES: wet and dry

36. DRY TYPE DRY TYPE CAUSED BY: degeneration from age, retinal cells become ischemic, leads to blurring and distortion, with central vision declining seen with smokers PREVENTION: use of antioxidants, carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin

37. WET TYPE Sudden decrease in vision Seen after serous detachment of pigment peithelium in the macula Newly formed blood vessels invade the area, fluid and blood collect under the macula like a blister

38. ENUCLEATION Surgical removal of the entire eyeball A ball implant is inserted as a base for the socket prosthesis This is covered with tissue, muscles See p 1107 for insertion and removal of ocular prosthesis

39. KEY CONCEPTS FOR CLIENTS WITH EYE AND VISION PROBLEMS Safe effective Care Environment Health Promotion and Maintenance Psychosocial Integrity Physiologic Integrity

40. MENIERE’S DISEASE

41. ASSESSMENTS SEEN Incapacitating vertigo fluctuating hearing loss Tinnitus, nystagumus Nausea and vomiting not central nervous system or brain disease cause is unknown episodic

42. NONSURGICAL TREATMENT DIET: low Na diet DRUGS: ANTIHISTAMINES- helps with vertigo Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl) Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)

43. Medication support What class of drugs to decrease the fluid? Why use nicotinic acid? What SEDATIVE is used and why? What class of drugs are these and what are they used for? chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), trimethobenzamide hydrochloride (Tigan)

44. SURGICAL TREATMENT Endolymphatic sac decompression - shunt used to drain the extra fluid Middle and inner ear perfusion of antibiotics - done during overnight stay in hospital; use gentamycin, streptomycin Vestibular Nerve resection - pt has already lost hearing, nerve is cut, stops vertigo, brief hospital stay