1. 1 Demand Planning: Part 2 Collaboration requires shared information

2. 2 Objectives Hands on experience using smoothing procedures Enhanced trend and seasonal smoothing models Forecasting into the future Parameter & initialization estimation considerations Error measures

3. 3 Moving Average model F t+1 = L t = (D t + D t-1 + ….+ D t-n )/ n Simple Exponential Smoothing F t+1 = L t = α D t + ( 1- α )L t-1 Smoothing Models D t = sales in t L t = average in t F t = forecast in t

4. 4 Forecasting Tools Spreadsheets Example: Excel install the Data Analysis Toolpack (Tools/Add- Inns/Analysis Toolpack) open the file containing the data click on: Tools - Data Analysis (different options are available) Other Add-ins: e.g., KADD and StatTools Forecasting application software (2 types) statistical packages forecasting packages specifically designed for forecasting applications

5. 5 Hands on Exercise Hot Pizza exercise, problem 2, page 214 Use moving average (4 period) and simple exponential smoothing (alpha =.2 &.4) models with data, forecast weeks 13 to 16 into the future. Northwestern Parts, (in class exercise for seasonal and tend enhanced models)

6. 6 Components of demand Trend component: growth or decline over an extended period of time Cyclical component: wavelike fluctuation around the trend Seasonal component: pattern of change that repeats itself year after year Random component: after removal of other components

7. 7 Pattern Issues Which patterns are present in data? Things are not constant over time Need a process to identify change Need a procedure to update quickly Enhancing Smoothing Procedures

8. 8 Grow in Sales

9. 9 Update Equations with Trend: Level: L t = α ( D t ) + ( 1- α ) ( L t- 1 +T t-1 ) Trend: T t = β (L t - L t-1 ) + ( 1- β ) T t-1 Forecast Equation for ‘n’ period in the future: F t+n = L t + n T t Expo with Trend - Update Equations and Forecasting Model D t = sales in t L t = average in t T t = trend in t F t = forecast in t Basic Exponential Smoothing: F t+1 = L t = α D t + ( 1- α )L t-1

10. 10 Trend Adjustment Update smoothed average for recent trend Update Trend Factor Difference of two period “Average” Weighted combination of Past trend factor Current Forecast of trend factor Trend the forecast

11. 11 Seasonal Sale Pattern

12. 12 Update Equations: Level: L t = α ( D t / S t ) + ( 1- α ) ( L t- 1 ) Season: S t+p = γ ( D t / L t ) + ( 1- γ ) S t Forecast Equation for ‘n’ period in the future: F t+n = (L t ) S t+n Expo with Season - Update Equations and Forecasting Model D t = sales in t L t = average in t S t = season in t F t = forecast in t p = season Basic Exponential Smoothing: F t+1 = L t = α D t + ( 1- α )L t-1

13. 13 Seasonality Adjustment Deseasonalize recent sales data Calculate smoothed average Update Seasonal Factor Ratio of Actual to “Average” Weighted combination of Past deseasonalized seasonal factor Current Forecast of seasonal factor Seasonalize the forecast

14. 14 Trend & Seasonality Common

15. 15 Update Equations: Level: L t = α ( D t / S t ) + ( 1- α ) ( L t- 1 +T t-1 ) Trend: T t = β (L t - L t-1 ) + ( 1- β ) T t-1 Season: S t+p = γ ( D t / L t ) + ( 1- γ ) S t Forecast Equation for ‘n’ period in the future: F t+n = (L t + n T t ) S t+n Trend & Season (Winter’s) Update Equations and Forecasting Model D t = sales in t L t = average in t T t = trend in t S t = season in t F t = forecast in t p = season

16. 16 Forecast Error Building a Forecast Fit to historical data Project future data Forecast Error How well does model fit historical data? Do we need to tune or refine the model? Can we offer confidence intervals about our predictions?

17. 17 Measuring Forecast Error MAD or MAE average of the absolute errors Bias (tendency measurement) Sum of all errors (plus & minus) MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) Average absolute ratio of error to actual MSE (mean square error) Square of all errors divided by ‘n’

18. 18 Evaluating Forecast Models with Different Measures Error in period t Mean Absolute Deviation Mean Absolute Percentage Error Mean Squared Error  nfdMSE n d fd MAP E n fdMAD fde tt n t t tt n t tt n t ttt         2 1 1 1 )100(

19. 19 Mabert Web Page Prepare: Specialty Packaging Corp. (A), pp. 216-217. Develop forecasts for each quarter of 2007 for Clear and Black Plastic containers. Seasonal time series. Try using KADD analysis tool vs. provided Excel workbook. Quiz: There will be a short quiz covering the fundamentals of demand planning and smoothing forecast models. Open book and notes.

20. 20 Mabert Web Page URL address with useful files: http://kelley.iu.edu/mabert/class-e730.html