1. Chapter 1 Introduction to E-Commerce

2. 2 Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: the basic elements of e-commerce differences between e-commerce and traditional commerce advantages and disadvantages of using e- commerce the international nature of e-commerce

3. 3 Learning Objectives (Cont.) how the Internet and the WWW stimulated the emergence of e-commerce economic forces that have created a business environment to foster e-commerce the ways by which businesses use value chains to identify e-commerce opportunities

4. First wave of e-Commerce (1997 - 2000) Most of the businesses were US based –Difficult to buy online unless you live in the same country One network, one language i.e. English –Language barrier Businesses started with outside investor money backing good ideas –Wrong perception of advertising revenue model Email had high HR cost (still need someone to process it!)

5. 5 Dot com bubble (1) Yesterday new Lemonade company A opens costing $10 Today –John heard of these Lemonade companies and think it’s a good investment –John buys shares for $12 –Jim sees John buying shares –Jim think it’s a good investment too –Jim buys shares for $14 –James sees John and Jim buying shares –James think it’s a good investment too –James buys shares for $20 –… Tomorrow –The company still costs $10 –Company B opens right next to company A with a better business model –Company A goes bust and John, Jim, James, … loose everything

6. 6 Dot com bubble (2)

7. 7 Dot com bubble (3) NASDAQ IXIC index

8. Second or Mature Wave of E-Commerce 1.International dimension 2.Reliance to revenue models as opposed to “good ideas” –Own funds at stake now 3.Explosion in internet usage (Broad Band, WiMax, etc) 4.Emails used to build consumer relationships 5.Advertising is much more sophisticated

9. 9 What is e-Commerce? More than just Web shopping! Business activities conducted using electronic data transmission via Internet and WWW Can you name a few?

10. 10 Some definitions … Electronic commerce (e-commerce) –Businesses trading with other businesses and internal processes Electronic business (e-business) –Term used interchangeably with e-commerce –The transformation of key business processes through the use of Internet technologies

11. 11 Do we need e-Commerce? Where?

12. 12 Business Jargon Activity –task performed by worker in doing his job –E.g. Packaging books Transaction –exchange of value (purchase or sale) –E.g. Electronic Payment Business process –group of related activities and transactions –E.g. Purchasing from an Online Bookstore

13. 13 Elements of E-Commerce Electronic funds transfers (EFTs) –Also called wire transfers –System of transferring money from one bank account directly to another without any paper money changing hands –Electronic transmissions of account exchange information over private communications networks –Used since the 60s Electronic data interchange (EDI) –Transmitting computer-readable data in a standard format to another business –Developed by the Data Interchange Standards Association and uses ANSI X12

14. 14 Value Added Network (VAN) A value added network is an independent firm that offers connection and EDI transaction forwarding services to buyers and sellers engaged in EDI VANs are responsible for ensuring the security of data transmitted VANs charged a fixed monthly fee plus a per-transaction charge to subscribers Used a lot prior to the internet Today’s VANs focus more on security issues

15. What are the elements of E-Commerce? B2B? B2C? C2C? B2G? G2B? Supporting Services?

16. 16 Main Elements B2C – Business to Consumer –Web Shopping B2B – Business to Business –Transactions between businesses via Web –e-Procurement Supporting Business Processes –Currency Converter C2C – Customer to Customer –Online auctions B2G – Business to Government –Tax payment

17. 17 E-Commerce categories

18. 18 E-Business * Enterprise Application Integration *

19. 19 Online Sales

20. 20 Elements of Traditional Commerce: the Buyer’s Side Identify specific need Search for products or services that will satisfy the specific need Select a vendor Negotiate a purchase transaction Make payment Perform regular maintenance and make warranty claims

21. 21 Elements of Traditional Commerce: the Seller’s Side 1.Conduct market research to identify customer needs 2.Create product or service that will meet customers’ needs 3.Advertise and promote product or service 4.Negotiate a sale transaction 5.Ship goods and invoice to customer 6.Receive and process customer payments 7.Provide after-sale support, maintenance, and warranty services

22. 22 Activities as Business Processes Business Processes refer to activities in which businesses engage, as they accomplish a specific element of commerce, including: –Transferring funds –Placing orders –Sending invoices –Shipping goods to customers

23. 23 Advantages of E-Commerce (1) Electronic commerce can –Increase sales –decrease costs Web advertising reaches to a large amount of potential customers throughout the world Web creates virtual communities for specific products or services

24. 24 Advantages of E-Commerce (2) A business can reduce the costs by using electronic commerce in its –sales support –order-taking processes Electronic commerce increases sale opportunities for the seller Electronic commerce increases purchasing opportunities for the buyer

25. 25 General Welfare of Society Electronic commerce benefits the general welfare of society because: –electronic payments of tax refunds and welfare cost less to issue and arrive securely –electronic payments can be audited easily –electronic commerce enables people to work from home (teleworking) –electronic commerce makes products and services available in remote areas

26. 26 Suitable commerce applications Accommodation Skateboards Clothing Dating Services Shipment Tracking Furniture Banking Services CDs & Books e-CommerceTraditionalSale of…

27. 27 Suitable E-Commerce Applications

28. 28 Disadvantages of E-Commerce Some business processes are difficult to be implemented through electronic commerce –Furniture? Businesses face cultural and legal obstacles to conducting electronic commerce –E-betting (in Malta) Return-on-investment is difficult to apply to electronic commerce

29. 29 Myths of E-Commerce 1.All I Have to Do is Create A Website, People will Come to My Website, Buy My Goods or Services, and I Can Sit Back and Collect the Money. 2.Doing Business on the Internet Is a Waste of Time. No one is really making money or growing their business. 3.Taking Credit Cards Over the Internet is Next to Impossible for A Small Start Up Business. 4.If I Put a Site on the Information Super Highway, I will have Instant Access to Millions of Potential Customers. 5.I Put Up a Site On the Net and Nobody Come. Only Huge Sites with Big Budgets Enjoy a Large Volume of Traffic.

30. Myth 1 All I Have to Do is Create A Website, People will Come to My Website, Buy My Goods or Services, and I Can Sit Back and Collect the Money. Net business is not so different from real one You need –A good business plan –A good marketing strategy –Understand the demographics of your customers –Offer customers a reason to buy from you Its only easier to setup + less startup costs & operating expenses

31. Myth 2 Doing Business on the Internet Is a Waste of Time. No one is really making money or growing their business. E-commerce growth rate is over 145% with sales topping 150 billion dollars Offers benefits to consumers such as instant access, 24/7, immediate feedback, highly adaptable

32. Myth 3 Taking Credit Cards Over the Internet is Next to Impossible for A Small Start Up Business. Not that difficult but can be daunting Banks don’t offer to small businesses (high risk) Service can be expensive or complicated Some “fly by night” operators only stay in business until they get your deposit But packages exist such as Yahoo!Small Business

33. Myth 4 If I Put a Site on the Information Super Highway, I will have Instant Access to Millions of Potential Customers. Building a website and putting it on the World Wide Web is analogous to putting up a billboard on a highway covered with billboards as far as the eye can see.

34. Myth 5 I Put Up a Site On the Net and Nobody Come. Only Huge Sites with Big Budgets Enjoy a Large Volume of Traffic. True, many people do spend a lot of time building their website only to find that no one is looking at it. But other smaller sites do manage …

35. 35 International Electronic Commerce About 60 percent of all electronic commerce sites are in English, therefore many language barriers need to be overcome The political structures of the world presents some challenges –China, etc. Legal, tax, and privacy are concerns of international electronic commerce –VAT, Spam, Porn, Piracy, etc.

36. 36 The Internet and World Wide Web The Internet is a large system of interconnected computer networks that spans the globe The Internet supports e-mail, online newspapers and publications, discussion groups, games, and free software The World Wide Web includes an easy-to-use standard interface for Internet resources accesses

37. 37 Origins of the Internet In the early 1960s, the U.S. Department of Defense started research on networking computers Its researchers developed a multiple channels network In 1969, the Defense Department used this network model to connect four mainframe computers at different locations –DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency)

38. 38 New Uses for the Internet In 1972, a researcher wrote a program that could send and receive messages over the network E-mail was born and became widely used The network software include: –File Transfer Protocol (FTP) –User’s News Network (Usenet)

39. 39 Commercial Use of the Internet Companies used the PC to construct their networks in 1980s National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the network services in 1980s In 1989, NSF permitted two commercial e-mail services As the 1990s began, the Internet started to serve the global resource accesses

40. 40 Growth of the Internet In 1991, the NSF further eased its restriction on Internet commercial activity The privatization of the Internet was substantially completed in 1995 The new structure of the Internet was based on four network access points (NAPs) Internet service providers (ISPs) sell Internet access rights directly to customers

41. 41 Development of Hypertext In the 1960s, Ted Nelson described his page- linking system hypertext –Xanadu, Cosmic Book In 1987, Nelson published a book about a global system for online hypertext publishing and commerce In 1991, Berners-Lee of CERN developed the code for a hypertext server program and made it available on the Internet

42. 42 SGML, XML, HTML? ▼Standard Generalised Markup Language (SGML) ▼eXtensible Markup Language (XML) ▼HyperText Markup Language (HTML) ▼X-HTML or HTML 4.0

43. 43 HTML A hypertext server is a computer that stores files written in the hypertext markup language (HTML) HTML is a language that includes a set of codes (or tags) attached to text A hypertext link points to another location in the same or another HTML document

44. 44 Web Browser and Markup Languages A web browser is a software interface that lets users browse HTML documents HTML is based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) eXtensible Markup Language (XML) allows users to define new meanings for its commands in web page

45. 45 Graphical User Interface A graphical user interface (GUI) is a way of presenting program control functions and program output to users Web browsers include: –Mosaic –Netscape Navigator –Microsoft Internet Explorer

46. 46 Economic Forces of E-Commerce Transaction costs were the main motivation for moving economic activity from markets to hierarchically structured firms Transaction costs are the total of all costs that a buyer and a seller incur for business Types of economic organization: –Market form –Hierarchically-structured form

47. 47 The Role of Electronic Commerce Businesses and individuals can use electronic commerce to reduce transaction cost Electronic commerce can make network economic structures, which rely on information sharing, and are much easier to construct and maintain

48. 48 Value Chains A strategic business unit is one particular combination of product, distribution channel, and customer type A value chain is a way of organizing the activities that each strategic business unit undertakes to design, produce, promote, market, deliver, and support the products or services it sells

49. The Value Chain

50. 50 Strategic Business Unit Value Chains For each business unit, the primary activities are: –Identify customers –Design –Purchase materials and supplies –Manufacture –Market and sell –Deliver –Provide after-sale service and support

51. 51 Strategic Business Unit Value Chains The support activities of value chain for a strategic business unit include: –Finance and administration –Human resources –Technology development

52. The Value System

53. 53 Industry Value Chains Value system describes the larger stream of activities into which a particular business unit’s value chain is embedded Industry value chain refers to value systems Using the value chain reinforces the idea that electronic commerce should be a business solution

54. 54 Industry Value Chain for a Wooden Chair

55. 55 SWOT Analysis: Evaluating Business Unit Opportunities SWOT analysis –An analyst first looks into the business unit to identify its strengths and weaknesses –The analyst then reviews the operating environment and identifies opportunities and threats

56. 56 SWOT Analysis Questions

57. 57 Results of Dell’s SWOT Analysis

58. 58 International Issues of e- Commerce Trust Language Culture Infrastructure

59. 59 Trust?

60. 60 Language Issues To do business effectively in other cultures –Must adapt to those cultures Researchers have found that –Customers are more likely to buy products and services from Web sites in their own language Localization –Translation that considers multiple elements of the local environment

61. 61 Culture Issues Important element of business trust –Anticipate how the other party to a transaction will act in specific circumstances (China?) Culture –Combination of language and customs –Varies across national boundaries –Varies across regions within nations

62. 62 Infrastructure Issues Internet infrastructure includes –Computers and software connected to the Internet –Communications networks over which message packets travel Reliability? –Connection type Always on Dial-up

63. 63 Present & Future of e-Commerce

64. 64 Review What is e-Commerce? Internet and WWW Economic forces and e-Commerce Value Chains in e-Commerce

65. 65 Ponder about… Why is Amazon so successful? Are online supermarkets successful in Malta? Why? Perform a SWOT analysis …

66. 66 Online Study Plan a holiday for 2 adults by searching the Internet for information, competing to identify the most economical rates for 2 people. Include –travel fare –lodging –admission costs –entertainment