1. Kagan, Ch. 27 RISE AND SPREAD OF FASCISM: MUSSOLINI’S ITALY

2. TOTALITARIANISM: A DEFINITION Reject parliamentary democracy / liberal values Individual liberties subordinated to provided complete support for programs of the state State > individual Created unprecedented control over the masses Use modern technology and communication systems to accomplish this goal The masses must be mobilized towards a goal!

3. FASCISM: antiparliamentarian; antidemocratic anti-Marxist often anti-Semitic hyper-nationalistic = nation > individual All aspects of society, government, economy, intellect/arts should serve and glorify the state Representatives: Benito Mussolini, Adolph Hitler, Francisco Franco (used fascist support to come to power in Spain)

4. MUSSOLINI: ITALIAN FASCISM Post World War One Troubles National debt rose Italy gains Trieste & Tyrol but denied lands around city of Fiume & DalmatiaTrieste & Tyrol Russian Revolution inspired Italian socialists Rise of Benito Mussolini Premier Giolitti: transformismo breeds political corruption Mussolini: radical journalist, left-wing socialist Led socialist “blackshirt” movements Anticommunist, antistrike, nationalist, violent October 1922: March on Rome (Mussolini in Milan) Cabinet resigns – Mussolini named Premier July 1923 Acerbo Law – 25%=2/3 seats of parliament 1924 elections – 65% ----

6. Benito Mussolini

7. MUSSOLINI'S ITALY Mussolini’s rise Through election manipulating, Fascists gained control of Chamber of Deputies This ended parliamentary procedure By 1926, all other parties dissolved - Il Duce!! (the Leader) Young Fascists Lateran Accord, 1929 recognized pope as ruler of Vatican City compensation offered for church lands seize; Catholicism = national religion; Church support of fascist regime Was he truly totalitarian? Planned economy linked with private ownership of capital Many historians argue he did not fully develop control of all aspects of Italian life Syndical / Corporate state: medieval guilds determine wage / price… “Fascism…was born of the need for action!”