1. Cranial nerves
Dr. ayat eldomouky

2. Names of cranial nerves
Ⅰ Olfactory nerve
Ⅱ Optic nerve
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
Ⅴ Trigeminal nerve
Ⅵ Abducent nerve
Ⅶ Facial nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Ⅸ Glossopharyngeal nerve
Ⅹ Vagus nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve

3. Classification of cranial nerves
Sensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers
ⅠOlfactory nerve
ⅡOptic nerve
Ⅷ Vestibulocochlear nerve
Motor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers
Ⅲ Oculomotor nerve
Ⅳ Trochlear nerve
ⅥAbducent nerve
Ⅺ Accessory nerve
Ⅻ Hypoglossal nerve
Mixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers---
ⅤTrigeminal nerve,
Ⅶ Facial nerve,
ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve
ⅩVagus nerve

4. Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
Arises from the olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity.
Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex
Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell

5. Olfactory nerves

6. Olfactory nerve

7. Olfactory tracts
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory nerves

8. Cranial Nerve II: Optic
Arises from the retina of the eye
Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasma
Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision

9. Cranial Nerve II: Optic
Figure II Table 13.2

10. Optic nerve

11. The optic canal

13. Optic chiasmsa

14. Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal nerve: roots (large sensory and small motor)

15. Trigeminal ganglion

16. Trigeminal divisions

17. Branches
Ophthalmic nerve (Ⅴ1, purly sensory) leave the skull through the superior orbital fissure, to enter orbital cavity
Frontal nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Anterior ethmoidal
Internal and external nasal
Infratrochlear
Posterior ethmoidal
ciliary

19. Maxillary nerve (Ⅴ2, sensory)
Leave skull through foramen rotundum
Branches
Infraorbital nerve
Zygomatic nerve
3 Superior alveolar nerve
Ganglionic Pterygopalatine nerves

21. Mandibular nerve (Ⅴ3, mixed)
Leave the skull through the foramen ovale to enter the infratemporal fossa
Branches
Post. Division:
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
ant. Division:
Nerve of masticatory muscles
Buccal nerve

22. Mandibular nerve

23. Otic ganglion

24. Auriculotemporal nerve

25. Lingual nerve

26. Submandibular ganglion

27. Inferior alveolar nerve
Nerve to mylohyoid muscle

28. Facial nerve
Roots:
motor root
Sensory root
(nervus intermedius)
V111

29. internal acoustic meatus facial canal in inner ear stylomastoid foramen

30. Facial nerve in ear

31. Pterygopalatine ganglion

32. Roots : From the greater petrosal nerve ( from the facial nerve)
From the maxillary nerve which arises from the trigeminal ganglion
Sensory root
From the greater petrosal nerve ( from the facial nerve)
parasympathetic root
From the deep petrosal nerve ( from the nerve plexus around the internal carotid artery )
Sympathetic root

33. Branches: 1. orbital branches 2. nasal branches 3. palatine branches 4
Branches: 1.orbital branches 2.nasal branches 3.palatine branches 4.pharyngeal branches

34. Facial nerve distribution
Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Posterior auricular nerve
Chorda tympani
Five terminal branches
Nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle

35. Chorda tympani nerve

36. Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus,
Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance (equilibrium))

37. Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear
Figure VIII from Table 13.2

38. Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat
Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions
Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland
Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx

39. Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal
Figure IX from Table 13.2

40. Cranial Nerve X: Vagus
The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen
The vagus is a mixed nerve
Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
Its sensory function is in taste
Paralysis leads to hoarseness
Total destruction incompatible with life

41. Cranial Nerve X: Vagus

42. Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord
The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum
The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen
Primarily a motor nerve
Cranial root: Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
Spinal root: Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck

43. Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory
Figure XI from Table 13.2

44. Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal
Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus, which contribute to swallowing and speech
If damaged, difficulties in speech and swallowing; inability to protrude tongue

45. Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal
Figure XII from Table 13.2

46. Work sheet: Cranial Nerves
Special Sense Nerves
I,II,VIII
Motor Nerves
Eye—III,IV,VI
Tongue—XII
Palate, pharynx,larynx---XI
“Rest of body” nerves
IX,X
Face and jaws
VII, V
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves 1

47. Sensory cranial nerves
Cranial exit
Main action I
Olfactory cells
Cribrifom
foramina
Smell II
Optic nerve
Optic canal
Vision
VIII
Vestibular ganglion
Internal acoustic meatus
Equilibrium
Cochlear ganglion
Hearing

48. Motor cranial nerves N. Nerves Cranial exit Main action III
Occulomotor nerve
Superior orbital fissure
Motot to most of extraoccular muscles
Parasympathetic to ciliary ganglion IV
trochlear nerve
Motor to superior obliquus VI
Abducent nerve
Motor to lateral rectus XI
Spinal accessory nerve
Jugular foramen
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Cranial accessory nerve
Muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx
XII
hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal canal
Motor to muscles of tongue

49. Mixed cranial nerves N. nerves Cranial exit V Trigeminal nerve,
Ophthalmic nerve
Superior orbital fissure
Maxillary nerve
Foramen rotundum
Mandibular nerve
Foramen ovale VI
Facial nerve
Internal acoustic meatus IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Jugular foramen X
Vagus

50. Important nerves 1. ophthalmic nerve
Begin: as one branch of trigeminal ganglion
End: divided into 3 branches enter the orbit through superior orbital fissure
Branches:
lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve: end as supratrochleal and supra orbital nerves
Nasociliary nerve, give the following nerves;
anterior and posterior ethmoidal ,
external and internal nasal
infratrochlear nerve

51. Important nerves 2. maxillary nerve
Begin: as one branch of trigeminal ganglion
End: pass through foramen rotundum then enter the orbit and end as infraorbital nerve
Branches:
zygomatic nerve
ganglionic nerve
Post. Superior alveolar nerves
middle Superior alveolar nerves
ant. Superior alveolar nerves
Infraorbital nerve

52. Important nerves 3. mandibular nerve
Begin: as one branch of trigeminal ganglion
End: enter the infratemporal fossa through the foramen ovale then divided into ant. And post. Division
Branches of trunk: nerve to medial pterygoid muscle
Branches of ant. division:
Masseteric nerve
Deep temporal nerve
Buccal nerve
Nerve to lateral ptrygoid muscle
Branches of post. division:
Auriculotemporal nerve
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve

53. Important nerves 4. lingual nerve
Begin: as one branch of post. Division of mandibular nerve
End: descend medial to ramus of the mandible then runs forward to the tongue
Branches:
Carries general sensation of ant. 2/3 of the tongue
Joined with chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve) which carries taste sensation of ant 2/3 of tongue, also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

54. Important nerves 5. inferior alveolar nerve
Begin: as one branch of post. Division of mandibular nerve
End: enter the mandibular canal and emerge from mental foramen as mental nerve
Branches:
Sensory to the lower teeth
Nerve to mylohyoid muscle
Mental nerve

55. Important nerves 6. facial nerve
Begin: the 7th crasnial nerve start as motor and sensory roots
End: enter parotid gland then divided into 5 branches
Branches:
Grater petrosal nerve.
Chorda tympanic nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Posterior auricular nerve
5 terminal: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular and cervical branches

56. Important nerves 6. hypoglossus nerve
Begin: the last cranial nerve
End: pass forward lateral to carotid sheath to reach the tongue
Branches:
Muscular branches to all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus muscle

57. Parasympathetic ganglions 1. pterygopalatine ganglion
Site: pterygopalatine fossa
Parasympathetic root (preganglionic): greater petrosal nerve branch from facial nerve
Branches (postganglionic):
orbital branches
nasal branches
greater and lesser palatine branch
pharyngeal branch

58. Parasympathetic ganglions 2. 0tic ganglion
Site: infratemoral fossa
Parasympathetic root (preganglionic): lesser petrosal nerve branch from glossopharyngeal nerve
Branches (postganglionic): Reach the parotid gland through auriculotemporal nerve

59. Parasympathetic ganglions 3. submandibular ganglion
Site: submandibular triangle
Parasympathetic root (preganglionic): chorda tympanic nerve branch from facial nerve
Branches (postganglionic): Reach the submandibular and sublingual glands

60. Important notes MCQ
All muscles of mastication innervated by mandibular nerve
All branches of anterior division of mandibular nerve are motor except buccal nerve
All branches of posterior division of mandibular nerve are sensory except nerve to mylohyoid muscle

61. Ex. For important MCQ The glossopharyngeal nerve is-------------
Purely sensory
Purely motor
Mixed nerve
None of above
The facial nerve is

62. The hypoglossal nerve is------------------
Purely sensory
Purely motor
Mixed nerve
Which of the following nerve is the contiuation of the maxillary nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Infraorbital nerve

63. The posterior division of mandibular nerve give rise to all of the following except
lingual nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
superior alveolar nerve
auriculotemporal nerve
The posterior division of the mandibular nerve innervates which of the following muscles:
medial pterygoid muscle
stylohyoid muscle
mylohyoid muscle
omohyoid muscle

64. chorda tympani nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in……..
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Otic ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Greater petrosal nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in……..

65. Lesser petrosal nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in……..
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Otic ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Oculomotor nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that synapse in……..

66. The trochelar nerve leaves the skull through…………
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
The accessory nerve leaves the skull through…………
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
The mandibular nerve leaves the skull through…………

67. The vagus nerve leaves the skull through…………
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Hypoglossal canal
Jugular foramen
The spinal root of accessory nerve innervates
Sternomastoid muscle
Trapezius muscle
Both a,b
Neither a or b

68. Which of the following nerves carry smell sensation from nasal mucosa
Lateral nasal nerve
nasoplatine nerve
sphenopalatine nerve
olfactory nerve
Which of the following nerves carry visual sensation from the retina
Optic nerve
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducent nerve

69. Which of the following statement concerning the lingual nerve is correct?
It contains parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.
It contains special sensory (taste) fibers from pos1/3 of tongue.
It joins the chorda tympani nerve in the infratemporal fossa.
It is a branch of the facial nerve in the temporal bone.
The following statements concerning the chorda tympani are correct except which?
It contains special sensory (taste) fibers.
It joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa.

70. The branches of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve are sensory except:
Lingual nerve
Inferior alveolar nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve.
Nerve to mylohyoid muscle.