1. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Chapter 16

2. Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource?  Concept 16-1 We could save as much as 43% of all the energy we use by improving energy efficiency. 75% of American commute to work mostly in inefficient vehicles only 5% rely on mass transit. Huge data centers-90% lost through low-quality heat. 24 hours a day. I

3. We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy  Four widely used devices that waste energy Incandescent light bulb Motor vehicle with an internal combustion engine ( 20% of money spent on gas used to propel car) Nuclear power plant-Wastes 75% of high quality energy. Coal-fired power plant- Wastes 65% of energy.

4. We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry  Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) Steam in CHP plant used to heat another building. Denmark 52% electricity.  Recycling materials Scrap iron 75% than virgin iron ore and 40% less co2.  Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting

5. More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way  Conventional cars- 28% of energy consumption and 75% of oil.  Superefficient and ultralight cars

6. Hybrid  Large tank small battery  Large Battery. Small tank. Conventional hybrid Fuel tank Battery Internal combustion engine TransmissionElectric motor Plug-in hybrid Fuel tank Battery Internal combustion engine Transmission Electric motor

7. Better Batteries  Current obstacles Storage capacity Overheating Flammability  In the future Lithium-ion battery for cars. Using nanotechnology- Nickel-Metal hydride 40x times faster and less expensive.

8. IL (U.S.)  Living roofs Reduce cost of heating and cooling Reduce stormwater.

9. We Can Save Energy and Money in Existing Buildings  DOE 25% reduction through insulation, sealing air leaks, and energy-efficient appliances.  Heat water more efficiently- solar  Use energy-efficient lighting

10. Solar 70%

11. Solar By 2030 half of China’s households could get hot water heated by active systems Solar-cell power plants

12. Solar  High cost but prices are falling.  World’s fastest growing way of producing energy.  Government subsidies and tax breaks for solar developers.  Nanotechnology- thin film and graphene.  Community solar.

13. Trade-Offs: Passive or Active Solar Heating

14. Testla’s Powerwall  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKORsrlN-2k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKORsrlN-2k

15. Wind  Wind: indirect form of solar energy Captured by turbines Converted into electrical energy

16. Producing Electricity from Wind Energy Is a Rapidly Growing Global Industry  Countries with the highest total installed wind power capacity Germany United States- Saudi Arabia of wind in – The Dakotas, Kansas, Texas. Spain India Denmark

17. Wind Energy  Advantages of wind energy High net energy yield Little or no Co2. Widely available Easy to build.  Drawbacks Winds die down; need back-up energy Kills migratory birds if not designed properly. “Not in my backyard”

18. We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels  Liquid biofuels Biodiesel Ethanol  Biggest producers of biofuel Brazil Saved $50 billion in oil import costs since the 1970s The United States The European Union China

19. Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer?  Cellulosic ethanol: alternative to corn ethanol  Sources Switchgrass Crop residues Municipal wastes

20. Biofuels  Pros Reduce co2 from some crops. Medium net energy yield Cons Decrease biodiversity Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching Push farmers off their land Raise food prices

21. Fig. 16-30a, p. 428 Production well Geothermal reservoir Injection well Heat exchanger Steam turbine Generator 2. Heat from underground spins a turbine to power a generator and produce electricity 1. Hot water or steam is pumped under pressure to the surface from underground 3. Steam from turbine condenses to water and is pumped back down to geothermal reservoir Geothermal

22.  Making the transition to a more sustainable energy future will require: Sharply increasing energy efficiency Using a mix of environmentally friendly renewable energy resources Including the harmful environmental and health costs of energy resources in their market prices Three Big Ideas

23. Solutions: Decentralized Power System

24. Outside Plant deciduous trees to block summer sun and let in winter sunlight. Other rooms Use compact fluorescent lightbulbs or LEDs and avoid using incandescent bulbs wherever possible. Turn off lights, computers, TV, and other electronic devices when they are not in use. Use high efficiency windows; use insulating window covers and close them at night and on sunny, hot days. Set thermostat as low as you can in winter and as high as you can in summer. Weather-strip and caulk doors, windows, light fixtures, and wall sockets. Keep heating and cooling vents free of obstructions. Keep fireplace damper closed when not in use. Use fans instead of, or along with, air conditioning. Bathroom Install water-saving toilets, faucets, and shower heads. Repair water leaks promptly. Stepped Art Attic Hang reflective foil near roof to reflect heat. Use house fan. Be sure attic insulation is at least 30 centimeters (12 inches). Kitchen Use microwave rather than stove or oven as much as possible. Run only full loads in dishwasher and use low- or no-heat drying. Clean refrigerator coils regularly. Basement or utility room Use front-loading clothes washer. If possible run only full loads with warm or cold water. Hang clothes on racks for drying. Run only full loads in clothes dryer and use lower heat setting. Set water heater at 140° if dishwasher is used and 120° or lower if no dishwasher is used. Use water heater thermal blanket. Insulate exposed hot water pipes. Regularly clean or replace furnace filters. Fig. 16-10, p. 411