1. What is supply? ‘Supply refers to the quantity of a commodity which producers or sellers are willing to produce and offer for sale at a particular price’, in a given market, at a purticular period of time

2. The three important aspects of supply are…. Supply is a desired quantity Supply is always explained with reference to price Supply is a flow variable

3. Stock and flow concepts Stock variable It is an economic variable which can be measured at a point of time. Eg: population, water in a reservoir, goods in a warehouse. Flow variable It is an economic variable which can be measured at a period of time. Eg: National income, water in a river, sales etc.

4. Individual supply Individual supply refers to the quantity of a commodity which a firm is willing to produce and offer for sale at a particular price during a specified period.

5. Supply Curve The supply curve has a positive slope, consistent with the law of supply.

6. Market supply Market supply refers to the quantity that all the producers are willing to produce and offer for sale at a particular price during a specified period. It is the sum total of individual supply

7. Difference between stock and supply Stock Stock is the total quantity of a commodity available with the producers which is ready for sale. Stock is not a part of supply Supply Supply is that part of stock which the producers are willing to bring to the market and offer for sale at a particular price. Supply depends on stock.

8. Determinants of supply Price of the commodity: When price increases, supply also increases because it motivate the firm to supply more in order to get more profit. When price decreases, smaller quantity will be supplied as profit decreases.

9. Determinants of supply Goals of the firm: The goals of the firm may be “profit maximization"," sales maximization" or “risk minimization". If the aim is sales maximization, they will produce and supply more and if the aim is risk minimization, they will supply less.

10. Determinants of supply Input prices: If the prices of inputs and factors used in production such as raw materials, labour, machine etc. are high, the cost of production will be high. Higher cost of production, at the given price, reduces the profit margin and will persuade the producer to produce and supply less.

11. Determinants of supply Prices of related commodities: Producers always have the tendency of shifting from the production of one commodity to another commodity. If the prices of another commodity increases, especially substitute goods, producers will find it more profitable to produce that commodity by reducing the production of the existing commodity.

12. Determinants of supply Techniques of production: An improvement in the technique of production reduces the cost of production and increases profit margin. Increased profitability motivates the producers to increase the supply.

13. Determinants of supply Nature of the market: A monopolist firm will like to restrict supply so as to raise the market price and as a result supply decreases. But in a competitive market there will be no tendency to restrict output because each firm wants to sell more to earn more profit.

14. Determinants of supply The policy of taxation and subsidies: The taxation policy of the government also influences the supply of a commodity. For eg> If government increases the sales tax and excise duty, it increases the cost of production, which induces the producer to reduce the supply as the profit margin decreases.

15. Determinants of supply Expectations about future prices: If a producer expects an increase in market price in future, then they will supply less today and hoard the stock to sell at a high price in future and vice versa.

16. Determinants of supply Natural factors: In case of agricultural products, the natural factors like flood, draught etc. adversely affect the supply of commodities. On the other hand favourable climatic conditions may help in increasing the supply of agricultural commodities.

17. Determinants of supply Agreement among producers: Some times producers may form associations and enter into some agreement to restrict the supply of a commodity to earn large profits. They will create artificial scarcity of the commodities and as a consequence, the supply will decrease.

18. Determinants of demand Availability of transport and communication facilities: An improvement in transport and communication facilities will expand the size of market and this will motivate the producers to produce and supply more.