1. Chemical Equations and Reactions Day 38
Chapter 8
Chemical Equations and Reactions
Day 38

2. Types of Chemical Reactions
Direct Combination:
(Synthesis)
A + B  AB
AB  A + B
Decomposition:
Single Replacement:
A(metal) + BC  B + AC
A(Nonmetal) + BC  C + BA
Double Replacement:
AB + CD  CB + AD
AB + CD  AD + CB
Combustion:
C?H?(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)

3. Single Replacement Reactions
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
A(metal) + BC  B + AC
Replacement of:
Metals cations by another metal
Ni + CuCl2 
Cu + NiCl2
Hydrogen in water by a metal
Nickel 2
Na + HOH  2
H NaOH 2
Hydrogen in an acid by a metal
Copper
Zn + HCl  2
H2 + ZnCl2

4. Single Replacement Reactions
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
(Metal replacing cation)
Al can only lose 3 electrons to become Al3+
Cu2+ gains e-’s from Al to become Cu.
A(metal) + BC  B + AC
Al3+ e- e- 2
Al + CuCl2  3
Cu2+
Cl- 3
Cu + 2
AlCl3 Cu
Cu+
Aluminum is more reactive than copper
so Al replaces Cu2+ after transferring e-’s
Cu + AlCl3 
No Reaction
Copper is less reactive than aluminum.
so nothing happens!

5. Single Replacement Reactions
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
(Metal replacing cation)
A(metal) + BC  B + AC
Mg + ZnCl2 
Zn + MgCl2
Magnesium is more reactive than zinc.
so Mg replaces Zn2+ as Mg2+ with Cl- 2
Na + H2O  2
HOH 
H NaOH 2
Ag + CuCl2 
NO REACTION ??
Cu + HCl 
NO REACTION ??

6. Single Replacement Reactions
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
A(metal) + BC  B + AC
A(Nonmetal) + BC  C + BA
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Replacement of:
Halogen anions by more active halogens
F NaCl  2
Cl NaF 2
Br2 + MgCl2 
No Reaction
F ZnCl2 
Cl ZnF2
Br HCl  2
No Reaction

7. Lab 11: Metal Reactivity (Single Replacement Reactions)
Solutions
Metal
Cu(NO3)2 (aq)
Mg(NO3)2 (aq)
Zn(NO3)2 (aq)
AgNO3 (aq)
Copper (Cu) NA
Magnesium (Mg)
Zinc (Zn)
Silver (Ag)
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold No
Reaction No
Reaction
Reacts
Reacts
Reacts
Reacts No
Reaction
Reacts
Reacts No
Reaction No
Reaction No
Reaction

8. Single Replacement Reactions (SUMMARY)
Decreasing activity
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Bismuth
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
Lithium
Potassium
Calcium
Sodium
Metals can replace other metals
provided that they are above the
metal that they are trying to
replace.
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Lead
Hydrogen
Zn + CuCl2 
Cu + ZnCl2
Zn + NaCl 
No Reaction
Metals above hydrogen can
replace hydrogen in acids. 2
Fe + HCl  6 3
H FeCl3 2
Metals from sodium upward can
replace hydrogen in water 2
K + HOH  2
H KOH 2

9. Single Replacement Reactions (SUMMARY)
Decreasing activity
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Halogens can replace other
halogens in compounds, provided
that they are above the halogen
that they are trying to replace.
2NaCl(s) + F2(g) 
2NaF(s) + Cl2(g)
???
MgCl2(s) + Br2(g) 
No Reaction
???