1. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 30 How Animals Move Modules 30.2 – 30.6

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three major functions –Support –Movement –Protection of internal organs 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection SKELETAL SUPPORT

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three main types of skeletons –Hydrostatic skeleton –Exoskeleton –Endoskeleton

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hydrostatic skeleton –fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment –cushions organs from shock –Provides body shape –Provides support for muscle action –Earthworms, hydras, and jellies have hydrostatic skeletons

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The hydrostatic skeleton of a hydra Figure 30.2A

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exoskeleton –Rigid external skeleton –hard or leathery

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –The shells of mollusks –The exoskeleton of arthropods is made of chitin Figure 30.2B, C Shell (exoskeleton) Mantle

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endoskeleton –Most echinoderms, including sea stars and sea urchins, have an endoskeleton of hard plates beneath their skin Figure 30.2D

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Vertebrate endoskeletons consist of cartilage or combo of cartilage and bone Figure 30.2E

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 30.3A

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones - several kinds of living tissues –fibrous connective tissue covers bones –Cartilage at the end of bones cushions joints Bone tissues – surrounded by blood vessels and nerves 30.5 Bones are complex living organs

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A human humerus Figure 30.5 Cartilage Spongy bone (contains red bone marrow) Compact bone Central cavity Yellow bone marrow Fibrous connective tissue Blood vessels Cartilage

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles pull on bones Tendons: muscles to bone 30.7 The skeleton and muscles interact in movement MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND MOVEMENT

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 30.7 Biceps contracted, triceps relaxed (extended) Triceps Tendon Biceps Triceps Triceps contracted, biceps relaxed Biceps

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles perform work only when contracting

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal muscle - voluntary body movements Cardiac muscle pumps blood Smooth muscle - lines walls of internal organs ex. stomach 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 20.6 Unit of muscle contraction A.SKELETAL MUSCLE Muscle fiber Nucleus B.CARDIAC MUSCLE Muscle fiber Nucleus Junction between two cells C.SMOOTH MUSCLE Muscle fiber Nucleus

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 30.8 Skeletal muscle

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments Figure 30.9A Sarcomere Dark band Relaxed muscle Z Z Contracting muscle Fully contracted muscle

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 30.9B ATP binds to myosin head, which is released from an actin filament. 1 2 3 4 Hydrolysis of ATP cocks the myosin head. The myosin head attaches to an actin binding site. The power stroke slides the actin (thin) filament toward the center of the sarcomere. Thick filament (myosin) Thin filament (actin) Myosin head Z line

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Motor neurons carry AP that initiate muscle contraction A motor unit consists of a neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls Strength of muscle contraction depends on number of motor units activated 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Neuromuscular junctions Muscle Tendon Bone Muscle fibers (cells) Nuclei Figure 30.10A

23. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings neuromuscular junctions –A neuron releases neurotransmitter acetycholine –Acetycholine triggers AP in muscle fiber –Calcium released from ER –Calcium initiates muscle contraction

24. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 30.10B Motor neuron axon Action potential Mitochondrion Tubule Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Myofibril Plasma membrane Sarcomere Ca 2+ released from ER

25. BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 25 Control of the Internal Environment Modules 25.1 – 25.4

26. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 29.3A HeatLight touch PainCold(Hair)Light touch Epidermis Dermis NerveTouchStrong pressure

27. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pain receptors –Sense dangerous stimuli Thermoreceptors –Detect heat or cold Mechanoreceptors –Respond to mechanical energy (touch, pressure, and sound) 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli

28. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bears don’t technically hibernate –They do enter a dormant state, when their body temperature drops by several degrees –Endotherms: –derive most of their body heat from metabolism –Ectothermic- warm themselves mainly by absorbing heat from their surroundings Body Temperature

29. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –Thermoregulation maintains body temperature within a tolerable range

30. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body temperature regulation requires adjustment to heat gained from or lost to an animal’s environment 25.1 Heat is gained or lost in four ways THERMOREGULATION Figure 25.1 ConvectionRadiation Evaporation Conduction

31. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood flow to the skin affects heat loss Figure 25.2B Top view of shark Blood vessels of gills Heart Artery and vein under the skin Dorsal aorta Capillary network within muscle Skin Artery Vein

32. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Too hot /too cold When body temp goes up: - blood vessels widen (release heat – looks flushed) - sweat glands – sweat evaporates heat When body temp goes down: - blood vessels constrict - shivering

33. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basking in the sun Sitting in the shade Bathing Burrowing or huddling Migrating 25.3 Behavior often affects body temperature Figure 25.3

34. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings reduced activity and lowered metabolic rate –Hibernation in cold weather 25.4 Reducing the metabolic rate saves energy Figure 25.4