1. HYPOTHESIS TESTING: A FORM OF STATISTICAL INFERENCE Mrs. Watkins AP Statistics Chapters 23,20,21

2. What is a hypothesis test? Hypothesis Testing: Method for using sample data to decide between 2 competing claims about a population parameter (mean or proportion)

3. What question do such tests answer? Is our finding due to chance or is it likely that something about the population seems to have changed?

4. Why Statistical Inference? The only way to “prove” anything is to use entire population, which is not possible. So, we use INFERENCE to make decisions about a population, based on a sample

5. EXAMPLE: A new cold medicine claims to reduce the amount of time a person suffers with a cold. A random sample of 25 people took the new medicine when they felt the onset of a cold and continue to take it twice a day until they felt better. The average time these people took the medication was 5.2 days with a standard deviation of 1.4 days. The typical time a person suffers with a cold is said to be one week.

6. Questions from our cold study: What is the difference between the population mean and the sample mean? 1.8 days Is this difference likely to be due to chance?

7. How could we compute how likely it is to see a mean of 5.2 when we are expecting a mean of 7 days? Use a z score! z = 7 – 5.2 z = 7 – 5.2_ = 6.43 1.4/√25 1.4/√25 probability of this is nearly 0…so unlikely

8. Hypotheses: Ho: μ = 7 (the status quo of cold duration) Ha: μ < 7 (what we hope to be true about the new medication) Our evidence suggests that Ha is more likely to be true.

9. Writing Hypotheses : Statistical Hypothesis: a claim or statement about the value of the population parameter

10. 2 Hypotheses: Null Hypothesis Null Hypothesis: claim that is assumed to be true—usually based on past research Noted H o Alternative Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis: competing claim based on a new sample suggesting that a change has occurred Noted H a

11. Kinds of Tests: Two tailed: H o : μ = 7H a : μ ≠ 7 Right tailed: H o : μ = 7H a : μ > 7 Left tailed: H o : μ = 7H a : μ < 7

12. Hypotheses Example 1: A medical researcher wants to know if a new medicine will have an effect on a patient’s pulse rate. He knows that the mean pulse rate for this population is 82 beats per minute: Ho: μ = 82 Ha: μ ≠ 82

13. Hypotheses Example 2: A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an automobile battery. The mean lifetimes of a typical car battery is 36 months. Ho:μ = 36 Ha:μ > 36

14. Hypotheses Example 3: An educational research group is investigating the effects of poverty on elementary school reading levels. Prior research suggests that only 46% of children from poor families achieve grade level reading by third grade Ho: p = 0.46 Ha: p ≠ 0.46

15. Hypotheses Example 4: A cancer research team has been given the task of evaluating a new laser treatment for tumors. The current standard treatment is costly and has a success rate of 0.30. Ho: p = 0.30 Ha: p > 0.30

16. Statistical Significance: The results of an experiment or observational study are too “different” from the established population parameter to have occurred simply due to chance…. Something else must be going on…..

17. ASSIGNMENT: Now go on-line and watch this video carefully for good example of hypothesis testing in use: http://www.learner.org/courses/againstallodds/ unitpages/unit25.html http://www.learner.org/courses/againstallodds/ unitpages/unit25.html

18. α = rejection region α is the rejection region on the normal curve, accepted to be the highest probability that cause you to uphold the Ho.

19. RESULTS OF HYPOTHESES TESTS Let’s assume α = 0.05. If p < α, then we reject H o. The sample result is too unlikely to have happened due to chance, so the H o is overturned.

20. If p > α, then we fail to reject H o. The sample result could have happened due to chance, so the H o is upheld.

21. What does p value mean? The p value is the probability (based on z or t curve) of seeing a sample mean of this value or more extreme if the Ho is really true. If p value is low, then the Ho must not be true. The sample data suggests that the status quo has changed.

22. Conclusions of Hypothesis Tests Rejecting Ho = Statistically significant change Failing to reject Ho= Difference between sample mean and Ho mean was not statistically significant.

23. Testing about Means When investigating whether a claim about a MEAN is correct, you have to decide whether to do a t test or a z test. Z test: if you know pop. standard deviation T test: if you know sample standard deviation

24. HYPOTHESIS TESTS H: Hypotheses A: Assumptions T: Test and Test Statistic P: P value I: Interpretation of p value C: Conclusion

25. HYPOTHESIS TESTING FOR PROPORTIONS

26. EXAMPLE A newspaper article from 5 years ago claimed that 9.5% of college students seriously considered suicide sometime during the previous year. If a sample from this year consisted of 1,000 students and 144 claimed that they had seriously considered suicide, is there evidence to suggest that the proportion has increased?

27. DRAW THE MODEL OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPORTION

28. Hypotheses Null Hypothesis: Ho : p = 0.095 (the stated claim about the population proportion) Alternative Hypothesis: Ha: p > 0.095 Ha: p < 0.095 Ha: p ≠ 0.095

29. Z Proportion Test

30. Assumptions:

31. EXAMPLE: DO HATPIC An educator claims the dropout rate in Ohio schools is 15%. Last year, 280 seniors from a random sample of 2000 seniors withdrew from school. At α = 0.05, can the claim of 15% be supported or is the proportion statistically significantly different?