1. 3 nd African American Prostate Cancer Disparity Summit Prostate Health Education Network (PHEN) Capitol Hill Rayburn House Office Building Washington, DC September 27-28, 2007 V. Diane Woods, Dr.P.H., M.S.N., R.N. Assistant Research Psychologist/Public Health Department of Psychology, Social Psychology Lab University of California Riverside, California

2. Woods, September 28, 2007 2 Utilizing Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) to Engage African American Men in Clinical Trials and Prevention

3. Woods, September 28, 2007 3 Co-Authors Dr. Susanne Montgomery, Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor and Director, Center for Health Research Co-Director, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine Loma Linda University School of Public Health Scholastique Nikuze, M.P.H. Doctoral Student Oregon State University

4. Woods, September 28, 2007 4 Supported in part by: Loma Linda University Center for Health Research Loma Linda University Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine NIH National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Cooperative Agreement #S1391-20/20 African American Health Institute of San Bernardino County The California Endowment The Community Foundation of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties The California Wellness Foundation

5. Woods, September 28, 2007 5 Presentation Objectives To demonstrate how community engagement processes work to increase African American male involvement in prevention and clinical research Discuss the complexity of health disparities Provide a framework for eliminating health disparities in African American men and prostate cancer

6. Woods, September 28, 2007 6 Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) Modified Bibliography Israel BA, Checkoway B, Schulz A, Zimmerman M. Health education and community empowerment: Health Educ Q. 1994; 21(2):149-170 Aungst J, Haas A, Ommaya A, Green L. Exploring Challenges, Progress, and New Models for Engaging the Public in the Clinical Research Enterprise: Clinical Research Roundtable Workshop Summary. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 2003 Viswanathan M, Ammerman A, Eng E, Gartlehner G, et al. Community-based participatory research: Assessing the evidence. AHRQ Publication 04-E022-2. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 2004. Mickler M. Community-based research partnerships: J Urban Health. 2005; 82(2 Suppl 2): ii3-ii12.

7. Woods, September 28, 2007 7 Hallmarks of Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) Community member involvement to investigate their lived experiences Community stakeholders participate as equals Co-learning between community and researchers to generate relevant knowledge, create critical awareness, enhance the quality of the process and products of research Community members to provide descriptions, rich in detail, of the local social context and real-world constraints (i.e., replicability), which will improve conceptual robustness and explanatory utility of a study's findings Community involvement establishes congruence between the study and local reality (i.e., increasing face validity), particularly for defining the problem, adapting methodology to specific ecologies and contexts, and determining the nature of acceptable solutions Community participation to improve adequate response rates and minimizing attrition because the research question and data collection methods are likely to be context sensitive and culturally relevant (i.e., dependability) The group process to move the group through different modes of participation as a process of empowerment

8. Woods, September 28, 2007 8 Prostate Cancer Trends

9. Woods, September 28, 2007 9 U. S. Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates by Race/Ethnicity, 1997-2001 Source: Cancer Statistics 2005, American Cancer Society

10. Woods, September 28, 2007 10 African American White Latino Asian 200 100 Age-adjusted incidence per 100,000 271 101 140 169 50 Native American White Latino Asian 75 50 25 70 12 24 29 18 Mortality, 1998-2002 Age-adjusted mortality per 100,000 Incidence, 1998-2002 Native American African American Prostate Cancer Disparities Advanced PCa 12.3% Blacks 10.5% Latinos 6.3% Whites Latini et al., Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Disease-free Survival for Latino, African American, and Non-Latino White Men with Localized Prostate Cancer: Data from CaPSURE. Cancer 2006;106(4):789-795. “Latinos are more similar to African Americans on socio-demographic characteristics but more similar to Non-Latino Whites on clinical presentation, treatment received, and 5-year disease-free survival”

11. Woods, September 28, 2007 11 California Trends in Prostate Cancer by Race/Ethnicity, 1988-2001 Source: California Cancer Facts and Figures, 2005. American Cancer Society, California Division and Public Health Institute, California Cancer Registry.

12. Woods, September 28, 2007 12 San Bernardino County, California Prostate Cancer 1999 Age-Adjusted Death Rates by Race/Ethnicity, per 100,000 Men

13. Woods, September 28, 2007 13 County Population Estimates Source: San Bernardino County Quick Facts, U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 available at http://quickfacts.census.govhttp://quickfacts.census.gov

14. Woods, September 28, 2007 14 Contributing Factors Regarding Black Men and Prostate Cancer Low participation in prevention Under-utilization of screening Black male health behaviors Low early detection rates

15. Woods, September 28, 2007 15 San Bernardino County Progressive Black Community Involvement in Research 1997 Needs Assessment HIV Youth Violence Teen Pregnancy Diabetes 2001 Prostate Cancer Project 2003 Countywide Health Planning 2005 Disparities Research 2007 Health Systems & Policy Advocacy

16. Woods, September 28, 2007 16 Engagement Methods Qualitative & Quantitative Data  Key Informant Interviews  Focus Group Interviews  Community/Neighborhood Forums  African Centered Questionnaires  Countywide Public Forums  Behavior Questionnaires  Healthcare Provider Surveys  Healthcare Market Analysis  Observational Data

17. Woods, September 28, 2007 17 San Bernardino County Prevention Studies with African Americans 2001 – 2004 Prostate Cancer Prevention N = 277 2003 – 2005 Health Initiative Planning Project N = 1,036 2003 – 2007 AAHI-SBC Community Advisory Council (CBPR)N = 220 2005 - 2007 Breast Cancer Prevention in Women N = 170 2007Regional Health Initiative – 2 different projects Cohort of 9 organizations: Project title ????? Risk Reduction Project (75 churches:20,000 members)

18. Woods, September 28, 2007 18 Impact Individual Community Health Systems

19. Woods, September 28, 2007 19 Black Male’s Qualitative Themes Perceived lack of respect No one has engaged them in the past Physicians do not take them seriously Complexity of issues around poor outcomes Contribution of Black men not valued Already empowered, need to be given trusted information for making decisions Supportive of research as long as it is respectful

20. Woods, September 28, 2007 20 Black Male’s Response 6-Point Strategic Actions Community-driven Peer Navigator Prostate Cancer Prevention Training Manual Community-based Prostate Cancer Prevention Decision-Making Tool

21. Woods, September 28, 2007 21 6-Point Strategic Actions Partnerships Public Education Participatory Research Public Health Systems Changes Programs Policy

22. Woods, September 28, 2007 22 Emergent Themes for Development of the Community-driven Peer Navigator Prostate Cancer Prevention Training Manual Disease Process Risk Factors & Health Facts About Prostate Cancer Information Aids Testing Patient’s Feelings & Concerns Interactive Communication Between Physician and Patient about Screening Communication Barriers

23. Woods, September 28, 2007 23 Community-based Decision-Making Tool Develop Education Curriculum for Decision-Making Tool Delivery Methods and Settings Physician, Community and Health System Involvement

24. Woods, September 28, 2007 24 Community-driven Engagement Research with African American Men for Prostate Cancer Prevention The Missing Link… A Call for Action (909) 880-2600