1. Organization of life Organisms need each other for l.iving. They are dependent on the other organisms and the environmentOrganisms need each other for l.iving. They are dependent on the other organisms and the environment

2. 30-65 desibel: Konforsuzluk, rahatsızlık, sıkılma duygusu, kızgınlık, konsantrasyon ve uyku bozukluğu. 65-90 desibel: Kalp atışının değişimi, solunum hızlanması, beyin basıncın azalması.30-65 desibel: Konforsuzluk, rahatsızlık, sıkılma duygusu, kızgınlık, konsantrasyon ve uyku bozukluğu. 65-90 desibel: Kalp atışının değişimi, solunum hızlanması, beyin basıncın azalması. 90-120 desibel: Metabolizmada bozukluk, baş ağrısı.90-120 desibel: Metabolizmada bozukluk, baş ağrısı. 120-140 desibel: İç kulakta bozukluk.120-140 desibel: İç kulakta bozukluk. 140 desibel ve üzeri: Kulak zarının patlaması.140 desibel ve üzeri: Kulak zarının patlaması. Otel yatak odası: 30, Hastaneler: 35, Yatak odası: 35, Oturma odası: 60, Mutfak, banyo: 70, Motosiklet: 110, Kabare müziği: 100, Şehiriçi trafik: 65

3. There is a pathway of energy flow between environment and organisms. Primary consumer (prey) Secondary consumer (predator) Tertiary consumer Decomposers Page 200

4. Autotrophs convert light energy into food(chemical energy),Autotrophs convert light energy into food(chemical energy), Consumers use this chemical energy.Consumers use this chemical energy. Decomposers help matter to recycle in the system.Decomposers help matter to recycle in the system.

5. ENERGY AND NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS The major energy source of all living things is the sun.The major energy source of all living things is the sun. Organisms are divided into 3 groups according to how they get energy.Organisms are divided into 3 groups according to how they get energy. 1. Autotrophs: All green plants and some bacteria are autotrophs. They use CO2 and H2O and make organic molecule(carbohydrate). Autotrophs are also called as producers, because they produce organic molecules from inorganic compounds. They can directly use sun light to get their energy. They synthesize their own food by photosynthesis. 1. Autotrophs: All green plants and some bacteria are autotrophs. They use CO2 and H2O and make organic molecule(carbohydrate). Autotrophs are also called as producers, because they produce organic molecules from inorganic compounds. They can directly use sun light to get their energy. They synthesize their own food by photosynthesis.

6. a. Photosynthetic autotrophs: Plants, bacteria and algae that use sunlight energy to use CO2 and H2O to produce glucose and O2. They have chlorophyll(prokaryotes) or chloroplasts(eukaryotes). b. Chemosynthetic autotrophs: They are all bacteria that live in soil, which use oxidation of inorganic compounds to get energy to make glucose from CO2. They don’t have chlorophyll. They don’t use sun light. Nitrification bacteria.

7. 2. Heterotrophs: They can not synthesize their own food. They take their food from other autotrophs or heterotrophs. They use this food to get energy. Heterotrophs are called consumers.2. Heterotrophs: They can not synthesize their own food. They take their food from other autotrophs or heterotrophs. They use this food to get energy. Heterotrophs are called consumers. Heterotrophs are also classified according to their feeding habits. Heterotrophs are also classified according to their feeding habits. A. Holozoic animals take in solid food.A. Holozoic animals take in solid food. Herbivores: only eat plants. Rabbits, cattle, elephants, sheep, horse are herbivores. Herbivores: only eat plants. Rabbits, cattle, elephants, sheep, horse are herbivores. Carnivores: only eat animals. Lions, tigers, hawks, wolves, vultures are carnivores. Carnivores: only eat animals. Lions, tigers, hawks, wolves, vultures are carnivores. Omnivores: can eat animal and plants. Humans, bears and rats are omnivores. Omnivores: can eat animal and plants. Humans, bears and rats are omnivores. B. Saprophytes: obtain energy from dead bodies of organisms. They are also called decomposers. Many bacteria, fungi are decomposers. They are very important in ecosystem for the recycling of the matter. With the help of the decomposers minerals recycled back in the system.B. Saprophytes: obtain energy from dead bodies of organisms. They are also called decomposers. Many bacteria, fungi are decomposers. They are very important in ecosystem for the recycling of the matter. With the help of the decomposers minerals recycled back in the system.

8. c. The permanent relationship between two different organisms for the purpose of feeding, shelter or protection is called symbiosis. 1. Mutualism: Both of the organisms benefit from each other. Lichens(algae and fungi live together), (N fixing bacteria and leguminosae plant)1. Mutualism: Both of the organisms benefit from each other. Lichens(algae and fungi live together), (N fixing bacteria and leguminosae plant) number number of the of the organisms organisms 2. Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other one neither benefits nor is harmed. (shark and small fishes) 2. Commensalism: One organism benefits, the other one neither benefits nor is harmed. (shark and small fishes) number number of the of the organisms organisms 3. Parasitism: One organism benefits, the other is harmed. (tapeworms, lice) 3. Parasitism: One organism benefits, the other is harmed. (tapeworms, lice) number number of the of the organisms organisms

9. Plant parasites Holoparasites: they are completely dependent on the host plant. rafflesiaHoloparasites: they are completely dependent on the host plant. rafflesia Hemiparasites: they are not completely dependent on the host, they can be dependent on their host for nutrition(organic matter) or for water needs. mistletoeHemiparasites: they are not completely dependent on the host, they can be dependent on their host for nutrition(organic matter) or for water needs. mistletoe Animal parasites Endoparasites: They live inside the body of the host. Most of their organ systems degenerate.Endoparasites: They live inside the body of the host. Most of their organ systems degenerate. Exoparasites: They live on the outer layer(skin, fur, hair) of the host.Exoparasites: They live on the outer layer(skin, fur, hair) of the host.

10. 3. Both autotroph and heterotroph organisms. They live in soil that lack of nitrogen and to get their nitrogen they kill flies and digest them outside of their body then absorb the necessary materials. Venus fly trap They live in soil that lack of nitrogen and to get their nitrogen they kill flies and digest them outside of their body then absorb the necessary materials. Venus fly trap

11. ECOLOGY

12. What is Ecology? Ecology studies the relationships among organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment.Ecology studies the relationships among organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment. All organisms and their environment make up the ECOSYSTEM. Within the ecosystem each organism has its own life to live and role to play.All organisms and their environment make up the ECOSYSTEM. Within the ecosystem each organism has its own life to live and role to play.

13. ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem is a certain area in which organisms interact with each other and their environment.Ecosystem is a certain area in which organisms interact with each other and their environment. Within the Ecosystem, there are living and nonliving factors. Page 191Within the Ecosystem, there are living and nonliving factors. Page 191 Biotic and abiotic factors effect:Biotic and abiotic factors effect: –Distribution of organisms –Size of the population –Ability to reproduce

15. Climate ( temperature, water amount, light) Climate influences natural vegetation. It determines the type of plants and animals which can live in that area.Climate influences natural vegetation. It determines the type of plants and animals which can live in that area. Deserts, rain forests, temperate and arctic regions.Deserts, rain forests, temperate and arctic regions. Also some plants effect the climate of some area. In our Back sea region forest make this area wetter. The increase in rainfall, increases the humidity of that area.Also some plants effect the climate of some area. In our Back sea region forest make this area wetter. The increase in rainfall, increases the humidity of that area. Man also increases the temperature of the world (global warming.)Man also increases the temperature of the world (global warming.)

16. Oxygen Oxygen determines the life in the ecosystem.Oxygen determines the life in the ecosystem. Organisms need oxygen for respiration. If the amount is insufficient, the organisms can die.Organisms need oxygen for respiration. If the amount is insufficient, the organisms can die. Depth of the water,Depth of the water, Height of the mountainHeight of the mountain Pollution also effects the amount of available oxygen.Pollution also effects the amount of available oxygen. Also plants effect the oxygen amount of the systemAlso plants effect the oxygen amount of the system

17. Carbondioxide Carbondioxide is important for plants for photosynthesis.Carbondioxide is important for plants for photosynthesis. It effects the plants directly and animals indirectly.It effects the plants directly and animals indirectly. Also we change the amount of carbondioxide by using fossil fuels.Also we change the amount of carbondioxide by using fossil fuels.

18. Light Plants directly need light for photosynthesis.Plants directly need light for photosynthesis. Light effects the rate of photosynthesis and indirectly it effects the animals.Light effects the rate of photosynthesis and indirectly it effects the animals. Also plants determine the amount of light within the ecosystem. Huge trees make shadows for small plants. They can prevent small plants from taking direct sun light.Also plants determine the amount of light within the ecosystem. Huge trees make shadows for small plants. They can prevent small plants from taking direct sun light. The plants that live in shade have large leaf surface than the ones that live in light.The plants that live in shade have large leaf surface than the ones that live in light.

19. Soil It effects plants directly. Because plants need soil to take in minerals.It effects plants directly. Because plants need soil to take in minerals. It is important for anchorage, water, minerals and air.It is important for anchorage, water, minerals and air. Also plants help formation of soil. Plant roots help rocks to breakdown easily.Also plants help formation of soil. Plant roots help rocks to breakdown easily. And most of the minerals in the soil come from the decaying of dead organisms.And most of the minerals in the soil come from the decaying of dead organisms.

20. pH pH shows the acidity. H ion concentration.pH shows the acidity. H ion concentration. Organisms need to keep their body pH constant.Organisms need to keep their body pH constant. If the pH increases in the outside, it effects the chemical reactions. For example: Acid rain Also Man increases the pH of the environment as a result of industry.

21. Water Water is the major component of cells.Water is the major component of cells. Animals that live in land try to decrease their water loss. They have furs,scales or protective layer (skin). Their respiratory organs are inside their body.Animals that live in land try to decrease their water loss. They have furs,scales or protective layer (skin). Their respiratory organs are inside their body. Plants that live in dry lands also try to decrease their water loss.They have small leaves with cuticle, the number of stoma is decreased and they are embedded in the deeper layers. Most of them have hairs in leaves.Plants that live in dry lands also try to decrease their water loss.They have small leaves with cuticle, the number of stoma is decreased and they are embedded in the deeper layers. Most of them have hairs in leaves.

22. Predation: Predator: kill prey for food. Prey : is the food of predators. Their relationship determines the population size. In these relationships organisms compete with each other. In Competition, organisms fight for the same thing(food or mate) If the competition is among the organisms of same species, it is intraspecific competition.( foxes) If the competition is among the organisms of different species, it is interspecific competition.(foxes and hawks) BIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

23. FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS Grass grasshopper frog snake hawkGrass grasshopper frog snake hawk Producer consumer consumer consumer consumerProducer consumer consumer consumer consumer Primary secondary tertiary querternary Primary secondary tertiary querternary The sequence by which energy, in the form of food, passes from a plant to an animal and then to other animals is called a food chain. The Energy gets less toward the tertiary consumer level.

24. In the food web there is a complex feeding relationship of organisms.In the food web there is a complex feeding relationship of organisms.

25. ENERGY PYRAMIDS Each time an organism feeds on the other, there is a transfer of materials and energy. But not all of the energy pass to the other one, Some of the energy is lost as heat.(1/10)Each time an organism feeds on the other, there is a transfer of materials and energy. But not all of the energy pass to the other one, Some of the energy is lost as heat.(1/10) Because of this loss, the energy flow within the system is shown by a pyramid.Because of this loss, the energy flow within the system is shown by a pyramid.

26. The energy available for the next trophic level.

27. Ecological Effeciency How much of energy is actually available to the next trophic level?How much of energy is actually available to the next trophic level? Usually around 10% is availableUsually around 10% is available Why is it that we don’t see 6th order consumers?Why is it that we don’t see 6th order consumers? There is not enough energy available to support consumers at this level.There is not enough energy available to support consumers at this level.

28. Each level in the system depends on the previous one.Each level in the system depends on the previous one. If the number of the producers decreases, number of the primary consumers decreases.If the number of the producers decreases, number of the primary consumers decreases. If number of the primary consumers increases, number of the secondary consumers increases but the number of the producers decreases.If number of the primary consumers increases, number of the secondary consumers increases but the number of the producers decreases.

29. Also some chemicals pass with the food. If a chemical is firstly seen in producers, the amount of the chemical increases until the top consumer.Also some chemicals pass with the food. If a chemical is firstly seen in producers, the amount of the chemical increases until the top consumer. The amount of dangerous chemicals is less in first levels but it increases until the top.The amount of dangerous chemicals is less in first levels but it increases until the top.

30. Biomass pyramid Biomass shows the total living matter of a trophic(feeding) level at a specific time.Biomass shows the total living matter of a trophic(feeding) level at a specific time. Biomass shows the dried organic mass of an ecosystem. As the trophic level increases, the biomass of each trophic level decreases. Biomass shows the dried organic mass of an ecosystem. As the trophic level increases, the biomass of each trophic level decreases.

31. Chemical Cycling

32. MATTER CYCLE Energy is lost through the food chain. But it is always replaced by the sun. But the matter within the system is limited. We have to gain back this matter. The amount of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus is not exhausted, They always recycle within the system between organisms and environment.Energy is lost through the food chain. But it is always replaced by the sun. But the matter within the system is limited. We have to gain back this matter. The amount of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus is not exhausted, They always recycle within the system between organisms and environment. Recycling of materials prevents accumulation of wastes and provides an unlimited resource for organisms.Recycling of materials prevents accumulation of wastes and provides an unlimited resource for organisms.

33. WATER CYCLE

34. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you, can turn into water vapor. Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation. Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers. Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants. Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere. Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.The water cycle is called the hydrologic cycle. In the hydrologic cycle, water from oceans, lakes, swamps, rivers, plants, and even you, can turn into water vapor. Water vapor condenses into millions of tiny droplets that form clouds. Clouds lose their water as rain or snow, which is called precipitation. Precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off into rivers. Water that was absorbed into the ground is taken up by plants. Plants lose water from their surfaces as vapor back into the atmosphere. Water that runs off into rivers flows into ponds, lakes, or oceans where it evaporates back into the atmosphere.

35. CARBON and OXYGEN CYCLE

36. The concentration of carbon in living matter (18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth (0.19%). So living things extract carbon from their nonliving environment. For life to continue, this carbon must be recycled.The concentration of carbon in living matter (18%) is almost 100 times greater than its concentration in the earth (0.19%). So living things extract carbon from their nonliving environment. For life to continue, this carbon must be recycled. Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as: carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and dissolved in water (forming HCO3−)carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and dissolved in water (forming HCO3−) carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3)carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3) deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas derived from once- living thingsdeposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas derived from once- living things dead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soildead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soil Carbon enters the biotic world through the action of autotrophs. Carbon returns to the atmosphere and water by respiration (as CO2), burning, decay (producing CO2 if oxygen is present, methane (CH4) if it is not.Carbon returns to the atmosphere and water by respiration (as CO2), burning, decay (producing CO2 if oxygen is present, methane (CH4) if it is not.

37. Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere absorbs the radiated heat from the earth. This results in an inrease in the temperature of the earth-global warming. This effect is called “Greenhouse effect”.Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere absorbs the radiated heat from the earth. This results in an inrease in the temperature of the earth-global warming. This effect is called “Greenhouse effect”.

38. Careful monitoring of both ocean and land temperatures.Careful monitoring of both ocean and land temperatures. Many glaciers and ice sheets are receding.Many glaciers and ice sheets are receding. Woody shrubs are now growing in areas of northern Alaska that 50 years ago were barren tundra.Woody shrubs are now growing in areas of northern Alaska that 50 years ago were barren tundra. Many angiosperms in temperate climates are flowering earlier in the spring than they used to.Many angiosperms in temperate climates are flowering earlier in the spring than they used to. Many species of birds and butterflies are moving north and breeding earlier in the spring.Many species of birds and butterflies are moving north and breeding earlier in the spring.

39. Ozone problem Ozone shields the earth's surface from much of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun.Ozone shields the earth's surface from much of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth from the sun. Ozone is a highly active form of oxygen (O3 rather than O2). Ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the characteristic odor give off by some electrical motors.Ozone is a highly active form of oxygen (O3 rather than O2). Ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the characteristic odor give off by some electrical motors. Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and may depress the immune systemUltraviolet rays can cause skin cancer, cataracts, and may depress the immune system

40. NITROGEN CYCLE

41.  All life requires nitrogen-compounds, e.g., proteins and nucleic acids. Plants must secure their nitrogen in "fixed" form, i.e., incorporated in compounds such as:Plants must secure their nitrogen in "fixed" form, i.e., incorporated in compounds such as: –nitrate ions (NO3−) –ammonia (NH3) –urea (NH2)2CO Animals secure their nitrogen (and all other) compounds from plants (or animals that have fed on plants).Animals secure their nitrogen (and all other) compounds from plants (or animals that have fed on plants).

42. Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation The nitrogen molecule (N2) is quite inert. To break it apart so that its atoms can combine with other atoms requires the input of substantial amounts of energy.The nitrogen molecule (N2) is quite inert. To break it apart so that its atoms can combine with other atoms requires the input of substantial amounts of energy. Three processes are responsible for most of the nitrogen fixation in the biosphere:Three processes are responsible for most of the nitrogen fixation in the biosphere: atmospheric fixation by lightningatmospheric fixation by lightning biological fixation by certain microbes — alone or in a symbiotic relationship with some plants and animals. Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, alfalfa).biological fixation by certain microbes — alone or in a symbiotic relationship with some plants and animals. Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, alfalfa).

43. DecayDecay The proteins made by plants enter and pass through food webs just as carbohydrates do. At each trophic level, their metabolism produces organic nitrogen compounds that return to the environment, chiefly in excretions. Microorganisms of decay, break down the molecules in excretions and dead organisms into ammonia.The proteins made by plants enter and pass through food webs just as carbohydrates do. At each trophic level, their metabolism produces organic nitrogen compounds that return to the environment, chiefly in excretions. Microorganisms of decay, break down the molecules in excretions and dead organisms into ammonia.

44. NitrificationNitrification Ammonia can be taken up directly by plants — usually through their roots. However, most of the ammonia produced by decay is converted into nitrates. This is accomplished in two steps:Ammonia can be taken up directly by plants — usually through their roots. However, most of the ammonia produced by decay is converted into nitrates. This is accomplished in two steps: Bacteria of the genus Nitrosomonas oxidize NH3 to nitrites (NO2−).Bacteria of the genus Nitrosomonas oxidize NH3 to nitrites (NO2−). Bacteria of the genus Nitrobacter oxidize the nitrites to nitrates (NO3−).Bacteria of the genus Nitrobacter oxidize the nitrites to nitrates (NO3−). These two groups of autotrophic bacteria are called nitrifying bacteria. Through their activities (which supply them with all their energy needs), nitrogen is made available to the roots of plants.These two groups of autotrophic bacteria are called nitrifying bacteria. Through their activities (which supply them with all their energy needs), nitrogen is made available to the roots of plants.

45. DenitrificationDenitrification The three processes above remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and pass it through ecosystems.The three processes above remove nitrogen from the atmosphere and pass it through ecosystems. Denitrification reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas, thus replenishing the atmosphere.Denitrification reduces nitrates to nitrogen gas, thus replenishing the atmosphere. Once again, bacteria are the agents. They live deep in soil and in aquatic sediments where conditions are anaerobic.Once again, bacteria are the agents. They live deep in soil and in aquatic sediments where conditions are anaerobic.

47. The smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture in the air to form acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain usually forms high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acidThe smoke and fumes from burning fossil fuels rise into the atmosphere and combine with the moisture in the air to form acid rain. The main chemicals in air pollution that create acid rain are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Acid rain usually forms high in the clouds where sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and oxidants. This forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acidsulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxidessulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

48. PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

49. Phosphorus is an important element for living organisms. They use it mainly in nucleic acids. Plants as usual obtain phosphorus as phosphate from soil. Soil becomes rich in phosphate by the breakdown of rocks. Fertilizers mainly have phosphate. Metabolic wastes and decaying help formation of phosphate in soil. Man and animals get their phosphate need by feeding.Phosphorus is an important element for living organisms. They use it mainly in nucleic acids. Plants as usual obtain phosphorus as phosphate from soil. Soil becomes rich in phosphate by the breakdown of rocks. Fertilizers mainly have phosphate. Metabolic wastes and decaying help formation of phosphate in soil. Man and animals get their phosphate need by feeding.

50. Different pyramids To produce a pyramid of biomass the dry weight of organisms in each level present are calculated.

51. Pyramid of Number In this example the number of individuals at each trophic level are shown. The length (or area to be more accurate) of each bar is proportional to the number of individuals.In this example the number of individuals at each trophic level are shown. The length (or area to be more accurate) of each bar is proportional to the number of individuals. This often produces an upright pyramid - but not alwaysThis often produces an upright pyramid - but not always In example A the pyramid is upright while in example B (which shows a food chain from an ecosystem present on a single tree) the number of individuals at the producer level is relatively small (it is in fact one - the tree). This latter pyramid is said to be inverted. In example A the pyramid is upright while in example B (which shows a food chain from an ecosystem present on a single tree) the number of individuals at the producer level is relatively small (it is in fact one - the tree). This latter pyramid is said to be inverted.

52. Pyramids of biomass and energy show a reduction with movement up the trophic levelsPyramids of biomass and energy show a reduction with movement up the trophic levels The units for pyramids of biomass are: dry weight of organic matter (per square metre)The units for pyramids of biomass are: dry weight of organic matter (per square metre) This shows the amount of energy (in kiloJoules [kJ]) present at each trophic levelThis shows the amount of energy (in kiloJoules [kJ]) present at each trophic level The full units for a pyramid of energy are: kJ m- 2 year-1 (sometimes kcal m-2 year-1 where kcal is a now obsolete measure of energy)The full units for a pyramid of energy are: kJ m- 2 year-1 (sometimes kcal m-2 year-1 where kcal is a now obsolete measure of energy)

53. LIFE ASSOCIATIONS IN BIOSPHERE The life in earth exists only in a zone called biosphere.The life in earth exists only in a zone called biosphere. In the biosphere each organism lives in a particular part which is called environment. This particular part includes biotic and abiotic parts and it is the habitat of that organism.In the biosphere each organism lives in a particular part which is called environment. This particular part includes biotic and abiotic parts and it is the habitat of that organism. Each individual has a niche. The niche includes the feeding and reproductive behaviour of the organisms.Each individual has a niche. The niche includes the feeding and reproductive behaviour of the organisms.

54. POPULATION The same kind of organisms(same species) living in a certain area forms the population.The same kind of organisms(same species) living in a certain area forms the population. The cats in Istanbul, the rabbits of İzmir,The cats in Istanbul, the rabbits of İzmir, Roses of Isparta are the populations.Roses of Isparta are the populations. COMMUNITY The different populations within the same area form the community.The different populations within the same area form the community. Animals of Istanbul,Animals of Istanbul, Flowering plants of Kayışdağı Flowering plants of Kayışdağı

55. POPULATION GROWTH page 204 Within the ecosystem organisms and populations interact with each other for feeding and reproduction.Within the ecosystem organisms and populations interact with each other for feeding and reproduction. Population sizes can change during interactions. The size of a population is determined by two main factors: birth/death rate and migration.Population sizes can change during interactions. The size of a population is determined by two main factors: birth/death rate and migration. If we show this by an equation:If we show this by an equation: The population size= ( birth rate + immigration) – (death rate + emigration)

56. Immigration is the flow of individuals to the population and emigration is the flow of individuals from the population.Immigration is the flow of individuals to the population and emigration is the flow of individuals from the population. Birth rate, immigration, death rate and emigration are affected by many factors.Birth rate, immigration, death rate and emigration are affected by many factors. –Catastrophic events-fire, floods, drought –Predators –Availability of food, water, light, heat and shelter If there is enough food, space and other needs(optimum), the population grows. This ideal condition is called biotic potential.

57. Some environmental factors controls the biotic potential, these factors are called environmental resistance or limiting factors. These limiting factors can be external:Some environmental factors controls the biotic potential, these factors are called environmental resistance or limiting factors. These limiting factors can be external: Availability of foodAvailability of food DiseasesDiseases TemperatureTemperature WaterWater CompetitionCompetition OxygenOxygen ParasitismParasitism PredationPredation Or internal: Or internal: the control of reproductionthe control of reproduction social behavioursocial behaviour

58. In most of the food webs, organisms have complex relationships. They affect each other. Predator: kill prey for food. Prey : is the food of predators. Their relationship determines the population size. In these relationships organisms compete with each other. In Competition, organisms fight for the same thing(food or mate) If the competition is among the organisms of same species, it is intraspecific competition.( foxes) If the competition is among the organisms of different species, it is interspecific competition.(foxes and hawks)

59. The maximum size of a population which is supported by the environment is called carrying capacity of the environment.The maximum size of a population which is supported by the environment is called carrying capacity of the environment. Carrying capacity is determined by many factors (prey, predator, food supply disease or climate)Carrying capacity is determined by many factors (prey, predator, food supply disease or climate) Carrying capacity time Number of individuals

60. Rapidly growingRapidly growing Slowly growingSlowly growing No growth No growth DecreasingDecreasing

61. COMMUNITY In the community some populations are more important than the others.In the community some populations are more important than the others. They are strong and influence the other populations, they are called dominant species. Pine forest, chestnut forest,They are strong and influence the other populations, they are called dominant species. Pine forest, chestnut forest,

62. SUCCESSION If another species replaces the dominant species in the community, this process is named as succession.If another species replaces the dominant species in the community, this process is named as succession. The ecosystem has a stable condition. But if some catastrophes occur, the environment changes (biotic or abiotic factors). For example if a fire (or a volcanic eruption)happens in an ecosystem, most of the trees, shrubs and grass are destroyed with some insects and animals. The stable condition changes and ecosystem tries to regain this condition again. So new populations and communities are structured and a new balance is establishedThe ecosystem has a stable condition. But if some catastrophes occur, the environment changes (biotic or abiotic factors). For example if a fire (or a volcanic eruption)happens in an ecosystem, most of the trees, shrubs and grass are destroyed with some insects and animals. The stable condition changes and ecosystem tries to regain this condition again. So new populations and communities are structured and a new balance is established

63. Primary and secondary succession: If the succession develops from an area with no community, it is called as primary succession e.g. on rock.If the succession develops from an area with no community, it is called as primary succession e.g. on rock. If the succession develops from an area that has been prevented from changing e.g. by agriculture, it is called as secondary succession.If the succession develops from an area that has been prevented from changing e.g. by agriculture, it is called as secondary succession.

64. Primary succession

65. Harmful effects of humans Air pollution Damage to the ozone layer CFC Global warming CO2, CFC, Acid rain Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides Habitat destruction Deforestation Destruction of forests Loss of wetlands Draining wet lands Water pollution Eutrophication Run off of Sewage and fertilizers Speciesdestruction Loss of habitat Destruction of forests Damage from pesticides Careless use of insecticides and herbicides Damage from fishing overfishing Type of damage Example Main causes Solutions Soil pollution, sound pollution, electromagnetic pollution(radiation)

66. Erosion?? 1.What is erosion? 2.What can be done to prevent erosion? http://www.tema.org.tr/tr/cevre_kutuphanesi /erozyon/turkiyede_erozyon.htmhttp://www.tema.org.tr/tr/cevre_kutuphanesi /erozyon/turkiyede_erozyon.htmhttp://www.tema.org.tr/tr/cevre_kutuphanesi /erozyon/turkiyede_erozyon.htmhttp://www.tema.org.tr/tr/cevre_kutuphanesi /erozyon/turkiyede_erozyon.htm http://www.design4effect.com/soc11/pop.htmhttp://www.design4effect.com/soc11/pop.htmhttp://www.design4effect.com/soc11/pop.htm