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The Early Ottoman Empire s. The Gunpowder Empires

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Presentation on theme: "The Early Ottoman Empire s. The Gunpowder Empires"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Gunpowder Empires 1450-1750

2 The Early Ottoman Empire s

3 Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula
Rise in Power Osman I (Othman): Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula Began to expand power by taking over the Bosporus and Dardanelle straits. Developed an elite military guard, The Janissaries, and a strong naval fleet. Defeated the Serbs in the Balkans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 and began to dominate the region.

4 “What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.”
Major Leaders Mehmed II Mehmed II: Called “The Conqueror” 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople and conquered the Byzantine Empire. Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital. The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate” “What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.” Turks vs. Europeans

5 The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

6 Suleiman the Magnificent The Suleimaniye Mosque
Major Leaders Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman: ( ) – The Greatest Sultan Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts of Austria. Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools and mosques. Major Achievement The Suleimaniye Mosque

7 The Golden Age of the Ottomans

8 The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy
Process of succession was not distinct – could cause conflict SULTAN Led by Sultan – Absolute power Chief minister, or adviser, to the Sultan Grand Vizier Viziers Provincial Governors (Beys) And Military elite - The Janissaries Heads of Individual Religious Millets Muslims Jews Local Administrators & Military Christians Landowners / Tax Collectors Who do you think had the real power? Positions were based on merit, not birth.

9 The Janissaries Ottomans formed captured Balkan Christian men into a force called the new troops (Janissaries) fought on foot and were armed with guns. recruited men for the Janissaries and for positions in the bureaucracy through the system called devshirme—a levy on male Christian children. Unable to marry Practice of devshirme later stopped Janissaries become a powerful elite Marry, train sons in military techniques Toward end of empire more interested in crafts & trade rather than military training

10 Religious Beliefs and Policies
Ottomans were Sunni Muslims Sultans claimed the title of Caliph – guided and maintained Islamic Law Religious advisors – Ulama – set up schools Tolerant of Non-Muslims Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, Jiyza, but could freely practice religion Janissaries protected religious minority Conversations between Christians and Muslims

11 Social Structure/Role of Women
Four main Occupational Classes: peasants, artisans, merchants, pastoral peoples. Merchants were most privileged, exempt from taxes and government regulations. Women treated better than other Islamic states (Turkish traditions) Could own and inherit property Were not forced to marry and could seek a divorce Some gained political power as officials and governors

12 The Harem The Harem “Sacred Place”
Sultan’s wives and concubines resided in private domain Sultan chose four wives as his favorites When a son was chosen as a Sultan, mother became “Queen Mother” and gained power

13 Major Achievements Restored city of Constantinople (Istanbul)
Turned Hagia Sophia into a Mosque Islamic Calligraphy

14 Major Achievements Prayer rugs and textiles
Art work: Picture of Angel Gabriel visiting Muhammad Illuminated Qur’an What is unusual about this painting?

15 Major Achievements Bazaars, hospitals, ceramics, silk
Architecture – Sinan, most famous architect Blue Mosque Scholars in astronomy and medicine. (Galata Observatory, 1557)

16 Decline of Ottoman Empire
The Siege of Vienna – Suleiman's forces were turned back in 1529 The Battle of Lepanto, 1571 Major naval battle between Spanish and Ottomans Spanish victory gave hope to Christian empires that Turks could be stopped.

17 Decline of Ottoman Empire
Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries Vague process of succession Internal government corruption I’ll stop Jafar! Maybe I can be Sultan! Economy suffered Silk Road Trade monopoly ended – European water routes Inflation due influx of silver Did not industrialize – craft guilds Empire became too large to control Loss of loyalty – no more land to conquer and give away Lack of military technology

18 The Ottoman Empire During the 16c Ottoman Empire will last until 1919
It’s a whole new world! Ottoman Empire will last until 1919

19 Safavid Empire (Persia)

20 Major Leaders Shah Ismail (r. 1499-1524)
Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry hereditary leader of a militant Sufi brotherhood called Safaviya Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad 12th imam in hiding, ready to take power Followers wore distinctive red hat, called qizilbash (“red heads”) Forces all subjects to adopt Shia Islam Creates great rift between Iran and Sunni neighbors Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din ( ), Sufi thinker

21 Faced threat from all around
Northeast  Uzbeks East  Mughals West  Ottomans

22

23 Major Leaders Shah Abbas the Great (r ) revitalizes weakened Safavid empire Persian version of Suleiman Reforms administration, military Expands trade Military expansion Regained territory formerly lost to the Ottoman Empire Creates a slave army armed with guns

24 Decline: Economic Crisis
Manufactures included silk and its famous carpets manufacturing sector was small and not very productive. The agricultural sector did not see any significant technological developments the nomad chieftains had no interest in building the agricultural economy. Inflation cheap silver decline in overland trade

25 Decline: Military Crisis
Plagued by the expense of firearms and by the reluctance of nomad warriors to use firearms. Shah Abbas responded by establishing a slave corps of year-round professional soldiers armed with guns. The Safavids never had a navy Relied on the English and the Dutch. An Afghan army took advantage of this Captured Isfahan and ended Safavid rule in 1722.

26 Mughal Empire

27 Rise In Power Babur invaded and conquered Northern India.
So began the Mughal Dynasty in 1526. The Mughals trace their heritage back to the Mongols ( ) and the Timurids ( ). Mughal is Arabic for Mongol.

28 Major Leaders Babur (r. 1526-1530) Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
Military general who led his people to victory Writer, loved music and art Did little to administer the empire Akbar (r ) Great military commander Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was Reformed government Accepted Hinduism – allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high government positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built Created the Din-i-Ilahi  a new religion mixing all monotheistic faiths with Hinduism  did not survive Akbar’s death

29 Major Leaders Jahangir (r.1605-1627) Shah Jahan (r.1628-1658)
Patron of the arts Not the best ruler Jahangir indulged in courtly luxuries, such as opium Strong political and artistic influence of his wife, queen Nur Jahan Shah Jahan (r ) Patron of the arts Taj Mahal for his wife died in childbirth (14) Aurangzeb (r ) Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims. Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations. Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court, abolished ceremonies

30 Early History of the Mughals
Art and Literature- Illustrated books flourished Miniatures-Small highly detailed, colorful paintings Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

31 Form of Government Viziers – royal officials Patrons of the arts
Emperor had absolute power Viziers – royal officials Patrons of the arts Wives of emperors gained power Anyone could gain high office

32 Illustration from the Babur Nama

33 Festivities During the Occasion of the Coronation of Jahangir

34 Religious Beliefs / Policy
Belief in God – Islamic Muslim and Hindu subjects Akbar and the Din-i-Ilahi faith Aurangzeb – Did not tolerate Hindus

35 Role of Women The Mughals treated women with respect.
Outlawed sati Babur and his officials often asked women for their reasons and information on political affairs Women could own land and they were paid salaries for their work educated and they learned how to paint and write poetry could participate in business activities. Elite women gained influence Women were patrons of the arts

36 Major Achievements Enormous army Cotton textiles Polo
Artwork – influence from Europe Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)

37 Decline of the Mughal Empire
Emperors neglect people Bureaucracy was corrupt Army backwards in technology and tactics High taxes on people Lack of tolerance for Hinduism Tried to conquer all of India Peasant uprisings European intervention (Portuguese, British, and French) East Indian Companies fought for trading rights

38 Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”) Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler Steppe Turkish traditions Issuance of unilateral decrees Intra-family conflicts over power 1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)

39 Agriculture and Trade American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires Coffee, tobacco important Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch East India Company

40 Economic and Military Decline
Foreign trade controlled by Europeans various East India Companies Military, administrative network expensive to maintain Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589, other revolts follow Unproductive wars Islamic Empires make no attempt to regulate trade internally or efforts externally European military technology advances faster than Empires could purchase it

41 Religious Diversity: Muslims +
Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs Mughal Akbar most tolerant Received Jesuits politely, but feared committing to any one religion would alienate many of his subjects

42 Cultural Conservatism
Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities Islamic empires less interested in outside world Swiftly fell behind in technological development E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1st printing press in Anatolia in late 15th century But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729 Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination

43 Maritime Worlds of Islam 1500-1700

44 Muslims in Southeast Asia
Conversion and the formation of Muslim communities began in port cities and royal courts in the fourteenth century Islam functioned as a political ideology that strengthened resistance to European incursions Archipelago of Indonesia Royal courts and port cities began to adopt the more orthodox practices advocated by pilgrims returning from Arabia the rural people incorporated pre-Muslim religious and social practices

45 Muslims in Coastal Africa
Swahili Coast Coastal cities were not well connected with each other Little contact with the people of their dry hinterlands. thick bush separated the tracts of coastal land the cities competed with each other for trade. The Portuguese conquered all of the Swahili ports except for Malindi, which cooperated with Portugal. Between 1650 and 1729, the Arabs of Oman drove the Portuguese out of the Swahili Coast and created a maritime empire of their own.

46 Europeans in the Indian Ocean
Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Malacca in 1641 conquered local kingdoms on Sumatra and Java, established a colonial capital at Batavia (now Jakarta). impossible to maintain monopoly control over the spice market. turned to crop production, focusing on lumber and coffee. English and French established coastal trading in India (East India Companies) Mughals cooperated England gains control over all trade in India following the Seven Years War ( )


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