1. The Gunpowder Empires 1450-1750

2. The Early
Ottoman Empire s

3. Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula
Rise in Power
Osman I (Othman):
Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula
Began to expand power by taking over the Bosporus and Dardanelle straits.
Developed an elite military guard, The Janissaries, and a strong naval fleet.
Defeated the Serbs in the Balkans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 and began to dominate the region.

4. “What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.”
Major Leaders
Mehmed II
Mehmed II: Called “The Conqueror”
1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople
and conquered the Byzantine Empire.
Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital.
The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate”
“What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.”
Turks vs. Europeans

5. The Fall of Constantinople: 1453

6. Suleiman the Magnificent The Suleimaniye Mosque
Major Leaders
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman: ( ) – The Greatest Sultan
Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts
of Austria.
Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean
Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools
and mosques.
Major Achievement
The Suleimaniye Mosque

7. The Golden Age of the Ottomans

8. The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy
Process of succession was not distinct – could cause conflict
SULTAN
Led by Sultan – Absolute power
Chief minister, or adviser, to the Sultan
Grand Vizier
Viziers
Provincial Governors (Beys)
And Military elite - The Janissaries
Heads of Individual Religious Millets
Muslims
Jews
Local Administrators & Military
Christians
Landowners / Tax Collectors
Who do you think had the real power?
Positions were based on merit, not birth.

9. The Janissaries
Ottomans formed captured Balkan Christian men into a force called the new troops (Janissaries)
fought on foot and were armed with guns.
recruited men for the Janissaries and for positions in the bureaucracy through the system called devshirme—a levy on male Christian children.
Unable to marry
Practice of devshirme later stopped
Janissaries become a powerful elite
Marry, train sons in military techniques
Toward end of empire more interested in crafts & trade rather than military training

10. Religious Beliefs and Policies
Ottomans were Sunni Muslims
Sultans claimed the title of Caliph – guided and
maintained Islamic Law
Religious advisors – Ulama – set up schools
Tolerant of Non-Muslims
Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, Jiyza,
but could freely practice religion
Janissaries protected religious
minority
Conversations between Christians and Muslims

11. Social Structure/Role of Women
Four main Occupational Classes: peasants,
artisans, merchants, pastoral peoples.
Merchants were most privileged, exempt
from taxes and government regulations.
Women treated better
than other Islamic states
(Turkish traditions)
Could own and inherit
property
Were not forced to marry
and could seek a divorce
Some gained political
power as officials and
governors

12. The Harem The Harem “Sacred Place”
Sultan’s wives and concubines resided in private domain
Sultan chose four wives as his favorites
When a son was chosen as a Sultan, mother became “Queen
Mother” and gained power

13. Major Achievements Restored city of Constantinople (Istanbul)
Turned Hagia Sophia into a Mosque
Islamic Calligraphy

14. Major Achievements Prayer rugs and textiles
Art work: Picture of Angel Gabriel visiting Muhammad
Illuminated Qur’an
What is unusual about this painting?

15. Major Achievements Bazaars, hospitals, ceramics, silk
Architecture – Sinan, most famous architect
Blue Mosque
Scholars in astronomy and medicine. (Galata Observatory, 1557)

16. Decline of Ottoman Empire
The Siege of Vienna – Suleiman's forces were turned back in 1529
The Battle of Lepanto, 1571
Major naval battle between Spanish and Ottomans
Spanish victory gave hope to Christian empires that Turks could be stopped.

17. Decline of Ottoman Empire
Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries
Vague process of succession
Internal government corruption
I’ll stop Jafar! Maybe I can be Sultan!
Economy suffered
Silk Road Trade monopoly ended – European water routes
Inflation due influx of silver
Did not industrialize – craft guilds
Empire became too large to control
Loss of loyalty – no more land to conquer and give away
Lack of military technology

18. The Ottoman Empire During the 16c Ottoman Empire will last until 1919
It’s a whole new world!
Ottoman Empire will last until 1919

19. Safavid Empire (Persia)

20. Major Leaders Shah Ismail (r. 1499-1524)
Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry
hereditary leader of a militant Sufi brotherhood called Safaviya
Becomes Shah, proclaims official religion of realm Twelver Shiism
Twelve infallible imams after Muhammad
12th imam in hiding, ready to take power
Followers wore distinctive red hat, called qizilbash (“red heads”)
Forces all subjects to adopt Shia Islam
Creates great rift between Iran and Sunni neighbors
Empire called Safavid, after Safi al-Din ( ), Sufi thinker

21. Faced threat from all around
Northeast  Uzbeks
East  Mughals
West  Ottomans

23. Major Leaders
Shah Abbas the Great (r ) revitalizes weakened Safavid empire
Persian version of Suleiman
Reforms administration, military
Expands trade
Military expansion
Regained territory formerly lost to the Ottoman Empire
Creates a slave army armed with guns

24. Decline: Economic Crisis
Manufactures included silk and its famous carpets
manufacturing sector was small and not very productive.
The agricultural sector did not see any significant technological developments
the nomad chieftains had no interest in building the agricultural economy.
Inflation
cheap silver decline in overland trade

25. Decline: Military Crisis
Plagued by the expense of firearms and by the reluctance of nomad warriors to use firearms.
Shah Abbas responded by establishing a slave corps of year-round professional soldiers armed with guns.
The Safavids never had a navy
Relied on the English and the Dutch.
An Afghan army took advantage of this
Captured Isfahan and ended Safavid rule in 1722.

26. Mughal Empire

27. Rise In Power Babur invaded and conquered Northern India.
So began the Mughal Dynasty in 1526.
The Mughals trace their heritage back to the Mongols ( ) and the Timurids ( ).
Mughal is Arabic for Mongol.

28. Major Leaders Babur (r. 1526-1530) Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
Military general who led his people to victory
Writer, loved music and art
Did little to administer the empire
Akbar (r )
Great military commander
Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was
Reformed government
Accepted Hinduism –
allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high government positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built
Created the Din-i-Ilahi  a new religion mixing all monotheistic faiths with Hinduism  did not survive Akbar’s death

29. Major Leaders Jahangir (r.1605-1627) Shah Jahan (r.1628-1658)
Patron of the arts
Not the best ruler
Jahangir indulged in courtly luxuries, such as opium
Strong political and artistic influence of his wife, queen Nur Jahan
Shah Jahan (r )
Patron of the arts
Taj Mahal for his wife
died in childbirth (14)
Aurangzeb (r )
Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims.
Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations.
Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court,
abolished ceremonies

30. Early History of the Mughals
Art and Literature-
Illustrated books flourished
Miniatures-Small highly detailed, colorful paintings
Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

31. Form of Government Viziers – royal officials Patrons of the arts
Emperor had absolute power
Viziers – royal officials
Patrons of the arts
Wives of emperors gained power
Anyone could gain high office

32. Illustration from the Babur Nama

33. Festivities During the Occasion of the Coronation of Jahangir

34. Religious Beliefs / Policy
Belief in God – Islamic
Muslim and Hindu subjects
Akbar and the Din-i-Ilahi faith
Aurangzeb – Did not tolerate Hindus

35. Role of Women The Mughals treated women with respect.
Outlawed sati
Babur and his officials often asked women for their reasons and information on political affairs
Women could own land and they were paid salaries for their work
educated and they learned how to paint and write poetry
could participate in business activities.
Elite women gained influence
Women were patrons of the arts

36. Major Achievements Enormous army Cotton textiles Polo
Artwork – influence from Europe
Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb
Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)

37. Decline of the Mughal Empire
Emperors neglect people
Bureaucracy was corrupt
Army backwards in technology and tactics
High taxes on people
Lack of tolerance for Hinduism
Tried to conquer all of India
Peasant uprisings
European intervention (Portuguese, British, and French)
East Indian Companies fought for trading rights

38. Common Elements of Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires
Empires based on military conquest (“gunpowder empires”)
Prestige of dynasty dependent on piety and military prowess of the ruler
Steppe Turkish traditions
Issuance of unilateral decrees
Intra-family conflicts over power
1595 Sultan massacres 19 brothers (some infants), 15 expectant women (strangulation with silk)

39. Agriculture and Trade
American crops effect less dramatic change in Muslim empires
Coffee, tobacco important
Initial opposition from conservative circles, fearing lax morality of coffee houses
Trade with English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch East India Company

40. Economic and Military Decline
Foreign trade controlled by Europeans
various East India Companies
Military, administrative network expensive to maintain
Janissaries mutiny when paid with debased coinage, 1589, other revolts follow
Unproductive wars
Islamic Empires make no attempt to regulate trade internally or efforts externally
European military technology advances faster than Empires could purchase it

41. Religious Diversity: Muslims +
Ottoman Empire: Christians, Jews
Safavid Empire: Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians
Mughal Empire: Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, Sikhs
Mughal Akbar most tolerant
Received Jesuits politely, but feared committing to any one religion would alienate many of his subjects

42. Cultural Conservatism
Europeans actively studying Islamic cultures for purposes of trade, missionary activities
Islamic empires less interested in outside world
Swiftly fell behind in technological development
E.g. Jews from Spain establish 1st printing press in Anatolia in late 15th century
But printing of books in Turkish and Arabic forbidden until 1729
Handwritten books preferred, but weak levels of dissemination

43. Maritime Worlds of Islam 1500-1700

44. Muslims in Southeast Asia
Conversion and the formation of Muslim communities began in port cities and royal courts in the fourteenth century
Islam functioned as a political ideology that strengthened resistance to European incursions
Archipelago of Indonesia
Royal courts and port cities began to adopt the more orthodox practices advocated by pilgrims returning from Arabia
the rural people incorporated pre-Muslim religious and social practices

45. Muslims in Coastal Africa
Swahili Coast
Coastal cities were not well connected with each other
Little contact with the people of their dry hinterlands.
thick bush separated the tracts of coastal land
the cities competed with each other for trade.
The Portuguese conquered all of the Swahili ports except for Malindi, which cooperated with Portugal.
Between 1650 and 1729, the Arabs of Oman drove the Portuguese out of the Swahili Coast and created a maritime empire of their own.

46. Europeans in the Indian Ocean
Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Malacca in 1641
conquered local kingdoms on Sumatra and Java,
established a colonial capital at Batavia (now Jakarta).
impossible to maintain monopoly control over the spice market.
turned to crop production, focusing on lumber and coffee.
English and French established coastal trading in India (East India Companies)
Mughals cooperated
England gains control over all trade in India following the Seven Years War ( )