1. Global History Regents
Unit III - Review

2. Japanese Feudalism Highest social class but no real political power
Emperor
Military leaders
Large landowners
Warrior class
Farmers, Fishermen & Merchants
Zen Buddhism-culturally diffused from China

3. Comparison with European Feudalism
Shintoism – belief that aspects of nature and ancestors have spirits and should be worshipped
Comparison with European Feudalism
class system, warriors, code of honor, weapons
Towkugawa Shogunate – unified Japan as the sole ruler
Alternative Attendance Policy – used the policy to control the daimyo -> restored centralized government

4. The Mongols
Rise of the Mongols – lived as nomadic clans on the Asian steppes (NO unity)
Genghis Khan – united the Mongol tribes through conquest; created the largest empire across Central Asia; used ruthless tactics to defeat his enemies

5. The Mongols
Kublai Khan – controlled China and created the Yuan Dynasty – foreign ruler unites China

6. Impact of the Mongols
Russia: Mongols helped to unite Russia (gave them a common enemy)
- absolute gov’t – Ivan III (the Terrible) becomes absolute ruler & controls Russia
- isolation – expanded the empire & rid Russia of the Mongols & est. an empire

7. China:
- Pax Mongolia – “Mongol Peace” – brought stability & order to China & Asia
- Marco Polo – Venetian trader whose stories of the Far East sparked interest throughout Europe

8. Global Trade
Europe – Hanseatic League: as Italian banks failed, control of trade shifted to N. European cities in Germany
Commercial Revolution – Change in business shifting from farming to trade
guilds: assn. of people who shared the same job-controlled prices and wages
capitalism: economy is based on investment
*towns grew as did the population & power of the Middle Class

9. The Bubonic Plague
Population losses: Europe lost million; SW Asia lost 4 million; China lost 40 million
Economic decline: cities died b/c trade slowed & people moved from cities back to the countryside
Social & political change: end of feudalism
Confusion & disorder: people questioned their faith in the church; Jews were wrongfully accused

10. Renaissance
Humanism: the belief in human potential and achievement – individualism
Secular: separation between church and state – church loses great influence over the people
Greco-Roman revival: people re-examine G-R art, philosophy, science, math, literature -> test old theories

11. Art and Architecture: new techniques are created based on old ones (daVinci, Michelangelo)
Literature: wrote in the vernacular or native languages (Shakespeare, Dante)
Political science: study of government (Machiavelli – “the end justifies the means”)

12. Inventions: Gutenberg printing press (Gutenberg Bible) – was written in German
- inc. the output of books
- dec. in prices
- inc. availability of books
- inc. literacy & education
- free interpretation & questioning

13. Rise and Fall of African Civilization
Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Axum
- structure: empires were built on the control of trade (GOLD-SALT trade); strong leadership/central gov’t; est. military strength
- contributions: intro to Islam; spread of goods (cultural diffusion)
- roles in global trade: East Africa connected India & the Middle East to No. Africa, the Med Sea and Europe`

14. Spread and impact of Islam
- Mansa Musa: on his pilgrimage to Mecca, he promoted the religion throughout West Africa
Timbuktu and Africa trade routes
- was a center of trade in West Africa; city was full of cultural diffusion (promoted education)

15. Reformation and Counter
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses: (start of the Protestant Reformation) wrote in protest of the unfair practices of the church (ex. sale of indulgences)
Henry VIII: Pope refused to grant him an annulment so he started his own religion with himself as its leader (Church of England)

16. John Calvin & others: many Christians began to interpret the Bible for themselves which leads to other new sects of the religion with newly held beliefs
Counter Reformation –
- Ignatius Loyola – leader of counter reformation; est. Jesuits
- Council of Trent – Catholic leaders set up guidelines reforming the church (not indulgences)
*attempts by the church to slow down or prevent Catholics from embracing Protestantism

17. Roles of men and women:
- men – only men could be church leaders
- women – played prominent roles in protecting reformers & promoting Protestantism
Religious wars in Europe: The church tried to get Catholic rulers to help dissuade other rulers and kingdoms from converting

18. Rise of European Nation-States
Decline of Feudalism: power shifted from nobles to monarchs; focus shifted to cities and business/merchants
Elizabeth I of England: made England into a naval power (stopped the Spanish Armada); est. the Anglican church; Elizabethian Age – age of prosperity (literature)

19. Joan of Arc – France: fought for France during the 100 Years War against the British; helped turn the tide of the war; was burned at the stake
Nationalism – pride in one’s nation builds; people identified themselves with their nation