1. 1 Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Suite (CAPRIS) 5 th International Conference on Mesoscale Meteorology and Typhoon Boulder, CO 2 November 2006 Jim Moore, Wen Chow Lee, Eric Low, Vivek Shane Mayor, Scott Spuler

2. 2 Community Airborne Platform Remote-sensing Suite (CAPRIS) Improve scientific understanding of the biosphere…  Observational needs of broad scientific communities in climate, atmospheric chemistry, physical meteorology, mesoscale meteorology, biogeochemistry, larger scale dynamics, oceanography and land surface processes Long Term View of EOL Facilities  A replacement for ELDORA airborne Doppler radar  Upgrade C-130 to state-of-the-art airborne platform and infrastructure  Fill NCAR G-V remote sensing instrumentation gaps on cloud microphysics, water vapor, ozone and clear air winds  Commitment to phased-array technology, and eye-safe lidars  Optional comprehensive ground-based instrument suite

3. 3 Mid-Size Infrastructure for Atmospheric Sciences ATM maintains a mid-size infrastructure account that can be used to build and/or acquire community facilities. General Considerations and Eligibility (highlights) Community facility Available funds for larger projects Instrumentation and observing platforms are eligible Partnerships with university, federal, private, or international institutions are encouraged. Design and engineering studies will be supported by the interested parts of ATM. Where appropriate, use of the MRI mechanism for funding or partial funding will be encouraged. EOL has been encouraged to submit a Prospectus for CAPRIS Key time for community comment and advice on present concepts Document due to NSF 28 February 2007 The NSF Opportunity

4. 4 Motivation for CAPRIS Data assimilation, validation and developing and testing parameterization schemes  Community models - WRF, WACCSM and MOZART Validation of measurements from spaceborne platforms  CloudSat, GPM Improve our ability to understand and predict atmospheric and surface processes  Project climate change  High impact weather  Foresee components of atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemistry that affect society  Land surface processes

5. 5 Potential Scientific Advancements: Weather Describe precipitation process from water vapor transport to quantitative precipitation estimate Understand factors that control hurricane intensity change Characterize convective initiation and transformation of fair weather cumuli into deep convection Potential Scientific Advancements: Chemistry Transport of ozone and water between troposphere and stratosphere e.g., Doppler LIDAR, forward pointing WV observation Impact of convection on chemical composition of UTLS region e.g. DC3

6. 6 Observe radiation effect due to deep convective clouds and cirrus ice clouds Validate satellite-based products (CloudSat, GPM) Potential Scientific Advancements: PBL studies Resolve spatial variation of turbulent fluctuations of water vapor and ozone Measure entrainment rate of air from free atmosphere into the PBL Potential Scientific Advancements: Biogeosciences Resolve PBL constituent fluxes (e.g. CO 2, O 3, water vapor) Examine scales of land surface processes (e.g. in hydrology) and biomass Potential Scientific Advancements: Climate

7. 7 InstrumentScience Polarimetric airborne centimeter Doppler Radar – C, X bands Hurricane, severe storms, Convection initiation, tropical meteorology. Kinematics and microphysical processes. Pod based dual-wavelength, dual- polarization, millimeter wave Doppler radar – W, Ka Bands Cloud and drizzle microphysics, ice microphysics, and cloud radiation properties H 2 O Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), O 3 DIAL, Doppler Wind Lidar (UTLS and PBL systems) CO 2 DIAL, Vegetation Canopy Lidar Climate change, fluxes and transport of water vapor, ozone, and pollutants from boundary layer to UTLS, gravity waves CAPRIS Instruments and Science

8. 8 CAPRIS Radar Design Considerations Develop an airborne and ground-based suite of remote sensors. Integrate phased-array technology and eye-safe lidar technology Reduce X-band radar beam attenuation common to all existing airborne Doppler radars. Add microphysical characterization of the hydrometeors. Aim for compact design to install on multiple aircraft, including other C-130s and G-V (global sampling). HALO? Integrate multi-sensor approach on a single research platform in conjunction with in situ sensors. Pursue a modular design approach which allows PIs to pick and choose the optimum combination of remote sensing instruments.

9. 9 CAPRIS Configurations CM-Radar Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas –C band side-looking –X band top, bottom looking Dual Doppler 4 x resolution due to simultaneous fore and aft beams from all four antennas Dual polarization H,V linear MM-Radar Dual polarization H,V linear Dual wavelength Pod-based scanning Doppler UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind 0.24-0.30 μm; 0.28-0.30 μm 5 km range, 100 m for DIAL 25 km range and 250 m for wind Molecular scattering Conical scanning H 2 O DIAL/Aerosol 1.45 µm, eye safe 4.4 km range, 300 m resolution Up, down, or side

10. 10 CAPRIS Configurations -- Airborne CM-Radar Four active element scanning array (AESA) conformal antennas –C band side-looking –X band top, bottom looking Dual Doppler (V, σ v ) 4 x resolution of current system due to simultaneous fore and aft beams from all four antennas Dual polarization H,V linear – Z H, Z DR, K DP, LDR, RHO HV MM-Radar Dual polarization H,V linear –Z H, Z DR, K DP, LDR, RHO HV Dual wavelength (W,Ka) Pod-based scanning Doppler (V, σ v )

11. 11 Lower X-band Upper X-band Starboard C-band Port C-band W, Ka band Pod C-130 front view Possible CAPRIS Radar Positions on C-130

12. 12 CAPRIS Configurations – Ground Based CM-Radar Re-package airborne system into two rapidly scanning mobile truck-based Radars: X and C bands –Re-configure both C band AESA’s into single flat aperture (for improved sensitivity and beamwidth) to be mechanically scanned in azimuth –Configure X-band similarly Dual polarization H,V linear Form multiple receive beams (3-5) for higher tilts MM-Radar Re-package pod based radar into compact seatainer Mobile, truck-based or shipped w/o truck Mechanically scanned, azimuth and elevation Dual wavelength (W and Ka) Dual polarization Rapid DOW; Courtesy CSWR

13. 13 Examples of Combined Measurements Murphey et al. (2006)

14. 14 Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Experiment O 3, aerosols affect radiative forcing Air pollutants vented from PBL Pollutants rained out From Mary Barth and Chris Cantrell’s DC3 report

15. 15 We are gathering specifications for the following 6 lidars: 1. Water vapor DIAL (aerosol backscatter) 2. Ozone DIAL (aerosol backscatter) 3. UV Rayleigh Doppler (UT/LS winds) 4. IR Heterodyne Doppler (PBL winds) 5. Carbon Dioxide DIAL 6. Vegetation Canopy Lidar

16. 16 Operational Goals for all lidar systems: Highly reliable Produce high quality data Eye-safe beyond 50 meters range Compact Comply with aviation safety standards Rugged for airborne operation Autonomous during flights 10-year lifetime Near-continuous operation for ground-based deployments Modular design to use common components Hardware and performance to be well documented

17. 17 Water Vapor CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical & horizontal) of water vapor over the widest range of climates and altitudes. Versatility requires eye-safety. Suggested approach: tunability 1450 – 1500 nm. Above: Water vapor absorption band heads and eye-safety. Courtesy: Scott Spuler, NCAR EOL Above: water vapor mixing ratio below DLR Falcon. From 940 nm H 2 O DIAL in 2002 IHOP. Courtesy: C. Kiemle, DLR

18. 18 Ozone CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved vertical profiles of ozone over a wide range of environments and altitudes (e.g. urban air quality and UT/LS studies). Suggested approach: Tunability 260 - 310 nm 34” 56” 48” Photos provided by Mike Hardesty & Chris Senff, NOAA Tuning range

19. 19 UT/LS Winds CAPRIS Priority: Range-resolved profiles (vertical) of horizontal and vertical velocities above and below aircraft in “Aerosol-free” regions of the UT/LS. Suggested approach: UV direct-detection and VAD scans from rotating holographic optical element. Diagrams and data provided by Bruce Gentry, NASA Goddard

20. 20 IR Heterodyne Doppler CAPRIS Priority: high-resolution, eddy-resolving, velocities in the aerosol-rich lower troposphere. Suggested method: Heterodyne Doppler lidar at 1.5 or 2.0 microns. Data example courtesy Mike Hardesty, NOAA HRDL on DLR Falcon during I-HOP

21. 21 CO 2 DIAL CAPRIS Priority: Coarse resolution vertical profiles of CO 2. Resolution: 10-minute, 500 m, 1 ppm in 340 ppm background. Suggested method: DIAL at 1.6 or 2.0 microns. 0.3% accuracy required. Extremely difficult.

22. 22 Vegetation Canopy Lidar Goal: Estimate biomass, canopy structure, and roughness Large surface foot-print Very high-speed (GHz) digitizers to resolve distribution of canopy matter (foliage, trunks, branches, twigs, etc.)

23. 23 UV O 3 DIAL/Clear air wind Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Both instruments share BSU and aperture H2O DIAL/Aerosol Housed in standard 20’ seatainer for ease of portability Full hemispherical coverage via beam steering unit (BSU) Larger telescope for increased sensitivity Potential CAPRIS Lidar Ground Based Deployment

24. 24 Summary CAPRIS will meet observational needs of several different scientific disciplines to help address key scientific questions. Will fill the gap in current NCAR Aircraft instrumentation All of the instruments will be built so that they are suitable for both airborne and ground-based deployment Modular approach –Configure airborne platform for interdisciplinary research Will modernize Lower Atmosphere Observing Facility remote sensors using the proven technology (phased array, polarization diversity and eye-safe Lidar technology) No instrument suite currently exists on an airborne platform that can tackle the wide range of atmospheric problems outlined here

25. 25 Assistance from our Community A unique opportunity to advise in the development of a diverse instrument suite Comments on the concept and design Recommend individuals/groups to contact Provide critical review of Prospectus draft

26. 26 Questions and Comments For further information, contact: Jim Moore (jmoore@ucar.edu)jmoore@ucar.edu Visit the website: http://www.eol.ucar.edu/development/capris/