1. GENETIC ENGINEERING Opening the book of life … or pandora’s box?

2. The beginnings  1869 DNA isolated  1944 DNA proved to be the hereditary material  1953 DNA structure determined Image Credit : www.chem.ucsb.edu/www.chem.ucsb.edu/ © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

3. Working with DNA  1961 DNA can be split on heating and stuck back together again on cooling (reannealing) DNA hybridisation possible  1962 The first restriction endonucleases discovered Molecular scissors © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

4. Working with DNA  1966 The genetic code worked out Discovered to be a universal code  1967 DNA ligase discovered Molecular glue Fragments of DNA can be stuck together © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

5. Recombinant DNA technology  1973 DNA cloning carried out on bacteria Gene identified Cut with restriction enzyme Spliced into a plasmid using ligase Plasmid reintroduced into a bacterium  Gene copied whenever the bacterium divides  Non-bacterial gene can be expressed in the bacterium © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

6. Recombinant DNA technology  1977 Rapid sequencing of DNA developed © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

7. Recombinant DNA technology  1982 Transgenic mice and fruit flies produced © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

8. Recombinant DNA technology  1983 Polymerase chain reaction invented  1985 Genetic fingerprinting developed Image Credit: Kary MullisKary Mullis Image Credit: Sir Alec JeffreysSir Alec Jeffreys

9. Medecine  1989 Cystic fibrosis gene cloned and sequenced  1990 Trials for gene therapy begin © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

10. Agriculture  1994 Genetically modified organisms for food © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

11. Human Genome Project  1990-2003The human genome worked out Goals of the human genome project  identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA  determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA  store this information in databases  improve tools for data analysis  transfer related technologies to the private sector  address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml

12. Genomics  Today: Over 70 Eukaryotes sequenced About 25 of these are mammals Over 350 prokaryotes have been sequenced © 2010 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS