1. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Unit 8 Hard Drive Technologies

2. 2 The disk surface is divided into tracks.

3. 3 Platter1, Track1 Platter2, Track1 Platter3, Track1 Platter4, Track1 Most Hard Drives Have Multiple Platters

4. 4 The eight track 1’s are referred to collectively as “Cylinder 1.”

5. 5 Read\Write Head Read\Write Head Platter

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8 One Sector = 512 Bytes

9. 9 Cluster

10. 10 Cluster The smallest unit of disk space that the OS can allocate to a file. It consists of one or more sectors. Generally, the larger the disk drive, the more sectors per cluster.

11. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Interfaces

12. 12 ST-506/ESDI Interface

13. 13 The Drive Controller Interface between the drive and the motherboard (system controller) Obsolete as separate cards Integrated with the motherboard and drives

14. 14 Legacy Drive Controller

15. 15 IDE/EIDE Interface 40-pin data connector Configuration Jumpers

16. 16 EIDE Controller

17. 17 SCSI Interface 50-pin data connector Configuration Jumpers?

18. 18 SCSI Host Adapter External Internal

19. 19 SATA Interface

20. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Installation and Setup

21. 21 IDE Cables

22. 22 Motherboard Ports

23. 23 Master/Slave Settings

24. 24 EIDE Enhanced IDE Larger Drive Capacity Faster Transfers Two ports, and two devices on each port ATAPI

25. 25 Mounting Screws Mounting screws Power connector Control cable

26. 26 Safety First Turn off the power before you open the computer. Wear an antistatic wrist band grounded to the computer when handling any computer component. Be careful of the sharp wires on the component side of the disk drive.

27. Physical Drive Logical Drive

28. 28 17 Setup Standard PCI/PnP Chipset Advanced P e r i p h e r a l P o w e r M g m t Standard Setup Pri Master Pri Slave Sec Master Sec Slave Floppy A Floppy B 17 Date/Time

29. 29 Master and Slave on same cable.

30. 30 Mounting Screws Power Connector Control cable

31. 31 Hard drive removal Open the cabinet. Disconnect cables. Remove mounting screws. Lift out the drive.

32. 32 Power Connector Control cable

33. 33 Power Connector Control Cable

34. 34 FRAGILE Handle the hard drive with care. DO NOT DROP ORJAR ORJAR

35. 35

36. 36 Primary Slave Hard Disk Type : Auto LBA/Large Mode : Off Block Mode : Off 32Bit Mode : Off PIO Mode : Auto

37. 37 SATA Serial AT Attachment (SATA) standard Data storage standard Interface transparent to operating system Supports previous parallel ATA standards Burst rate 150 MB/sec

38. 38 SATA Interface Signal Contacts Signal Contacts Signal Cable Connector Signal Cable Connector Drive Socket Assembly Drive Socket Assembly Cable Assemblies Cable Assemblies

39. 39 SATA Interface Power Contacts Power Contacts Power Supply Cable Connector Power Supply Cable Connector Cable Assemblies Cable Assemblies Drive Socket Assembly Drive Socket Assembly

40. 40 SATA Interface Manufacturer Test Pins Manufacturer Test Pins Cable Assemblies Cable Assemblies Drive Socket Assembly Drive Socket Assembly

41. 41 SATA Hard Disk Drive Test Pins Power Adapter Plug Signal Connector Power Connector

42. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Hard Drive Partitions

43. 43 File Allocation Table (FAT) OS’s road map to the disk How the OS keeps track of which clusters belong to which files How the OS keeps track of bad sectors Two copies maintained and kept up to date.

44. 44 Formatting Low Level Formatting - Performed by the Drive Manufacturer. High Level Formatting - Performed by the PC User via the FORMAT Command.

45. Blank Disk Sectors and tracks defined Low-Level Formatting

46. 46 Low Level Formatting Performed at the factory. Converts the single blank surface into tracks and sectors. Finds and remaps bad spots on the disk so that the operating system can avoid them.

47. 47 High Level Formatting Originally performed by the vendor of the computer. Creates boot record, FAT, and the root directory. Performed with the FORMAT command.

48. 48 Partitioning Makes the hard disk compatible with the OS Prepares hard disk for high-level format Divides hard disk into partitions or makes it one large partition Performed with the FDISK utility

49. 49 FAT and FAT 16 DOS, Win 95, Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 KB Cluster @ 2 GB

50. 50 VFAT Win 95 and Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 K Cluster @ 2 GB Long File Names

51. 51 FAT 32 Win 95 and Win 98 2 TB Maximum Partition 4 KB Cluster @ 2 GB

52. 52  Partition  Format  Load OS

53. 53 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [5]

54. 54 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp. 1983 - 1995 FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [1]

55. 55 Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Enter choice: [2] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

56. 56 Create Extended DOS Partition Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Extended DOS Partition already exists. Press Esc to continue

57. 57 Display Partition Information Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total disk space is 1032 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = 1048576 bytes) The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives. Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)....?[Y] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

58. 58 Display Logical DOS Drive Information Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total Ext DOS Partition size is 1032 Mbytes (1 MByte = 1048576 bytes) Press Esc to continue

59. 59 You must FORMAT ALL new Logical Drives.

60. 60 C? D? E? F? Master --Two Partitions Slave --Two Partitions

61. 61 Master --Two Partitions Slave --Two Partitions C: Master, Primary Partition E: Master, Extended Partition C: Master, Primary Partition E: Master, Extended Partition D: Slave, Primary Partition F: Slave, Extended Partition D: Slave, Primary Partition F: Slave, Extended Partition

62. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Maintaining a Hard Drive

63. 63 Symptom Hard drive performance has been slowing down over time.

64. 64 Symptom PC will not boot from the hard drive.

65. 65 Possible Problems: The SETUP configuration has been changed or lost. One or more of the MS-DOS files on the hard drive may be corrupt or missing. The partition table or boot sector may be corrupt. The hard drive may have a mechanical or an electronic malfunction.

66. 66 “How good are your backups?” You can reload Windows You can reload applications You can reconfigure the GUI Can you recreate your data?

67. 67

68. 68

69. 69

70. 70

71. 71

72. 72

73. 73

74. 74

75. 75

76. 76

77. 77 The Backup Timeline Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15Day 20Day 21 OS Loaded OS Loaded Apps Loaded Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Backup Restore from Backup

78. 78 The Backup Timeline OS Loaded Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15Day 20Day 21 Changes are lost! Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Day 5 Backup

79. 79 Create Regular Backups Changes made between the Backup and the Restoration are lost.

80. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Optical Drives

81. 81 The CD-ROM X1 = 150 KBps Storage 650 MB = 450 Floppy Disks

82. 82 Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are concentric CD-ROM Laser Reading One spiral track

83. 83 Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are separate circles Track 0 at the outer edge CD-ROM Laser Reading One Spiral Track From Inside to Outside End Beginning Track 79 Track 0

84. 84 16,000 laps per inch 16,000 laps per inch 135 tracks per inch 135 tracks per inch

85. 85 Magnetic Disk Angular rate is constant Shorter track on inside means tighter packed data CD-ROM Disk Linear rate is constant Shorter track on inside means higher rotational speed there.

86. 86 Track 0 Track 1

87. 87 In addition to data, each sector also contains Error Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC). In addition to data, each sector also contains Error Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC). Sector

88. 88 Never wipe in line with the Sector! OK

89. 89 Top or Label Side Clear Protective Coating Reflective Metal Layer Reflective Metal Layer

90. 90 Data, in the form of PITS and LANDS Beam is reflected Beam is absorbed

91. 91 Recordable Media Gold Layer

92. 92 Recordable Media CD-R is Write Once Read Many (WORM) RD-RW is Read/Write, or Re-writeable Photo-sensitive Dye Layer Photo-sensitive Dye Layer

93. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Connections and Specifications

94. 94 Four Basic CD-ROM Interfaces SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) EIDE (Extended Integrated Drive Electronics) Proprietary Bus Other Interfaces

95. 95 Access Speeds Single-speed (1x) 150 KB/s Quad-speed (4x) 600 KB/s Eight-speed (8x) 1.2 MB/s Ten-speed (10x) 1.5 MB/s Sixteen-speed (16x) 2.4 MB/s Twenty-speed (20x) 3 MB/s Twenty Four-speed (24x)3.6 MB/s Fifty-speed (50x) 7.5 MB/s

96. Copyright © 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved. Installing and Maintaining a CD-ROM

97. 97 Installing a CD-ROM Drive 1. Install or select the hardware interface. 2. Install the physical drive. 3. Install the device driver. 4. Link the device driver name to the operating system

98. 98 Primary EIDE Channel Primary EIDE Channel Secondary EIDE Channel Secondary EIDE Channel

99. 99 CD-ROM Drive Locations

100. 100 Metal knockout Plastic snap out

101. Power to CD-ROM Drive Power to CD-ROM Drive 101

102. Control to CD-ROM Drive Control to CD-ROM Drive 102

103. 103 Connect the CD-ROM drive to the sound card

104. 104