2. The Cardiovascular system 1.2.2
Semilunar valves
Aorta
Left atrium
Vena cavae
Pulmonary artery
Right atrium
Pulmonary veins
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Septum
Cardiac muscle

3. To the lungs
To the body
From the body
From the lungs
The left side
pumps oxygenated
blood to the rest of
the body for use.
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

4. The Circulatory system
Blood flows around the body in a ‘figure of eight’ circuit, passing through the heart twice on each circuit. Hence the name the Double Pump System.
There are 2 separate ‘loops’ to the circuit:
The top loop – carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
The bottom loop – carries blood from the heart to all over the body and back.
Lungs
(A)
(A)
(V)
(V)
Heart
Body

5. Blood Pressure

6. The Circulatory system 1.2.2
Heart rate is:
“The number of times the heart beats each minute”
During exercise your HR will increase
With continued training your resting HR will be lower as your heart is stronger and more efficient
Stroke volume is:
“the volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction”
At rest stroke volume may be 85ml, but when exercising it will increase up to 130ml

7. The Circulatory system
Cardiac output is:
“the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute”
Cardiac output is governed by the HR and stroke volume
Cardiac output = stroke volume x HR
When you train your cardiac output will increase because your heart is be bigger, stronger and more efficient

8. The Circulatory system
There are three main types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

9. The Respiratory System 1.2.3
Alveoli
Are tiny structures were diffusion of o2 and co2 takes place
Surrounded by capillaries
Capillaries have thin walls as well to allow exchange of o2 and co2
The more training you do the more alveoli become available for gaseous exchange
Thin wall
Red blood cells
Capillaries

10. The Respiratory System
Tidal volume
“The volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise ”
Tidal volume increases during exercise
Vital capacity
“the maximum amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration”

11. The Respiratory System
Oxygen debt
“the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest”

12. Muscles and muscle action 1.2.4
Position in the body
Main Action
In the middle of the body at the back, forming the bottom
Pull the legs back at the hips.
At the top of each leg at the back.
Bend the legs at the knees
At the bottom of each leg at the back. Also known as the calf muscles.
Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes.
Gluteals
Hamstring
Gastrocnemius

13. Muscles and muscle action
Position in the Body
Main Action
Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways.
Trapezius
In the centre of the chest at the back of the body, spreading up.
Latissimus dorsi
Pull your arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back.
At the back of the body, either side of the chest.
Triceps
At the top of each arm at the back.
Straighten the arms at the elbow.

14. Muscles and muscle action
Position in the Body
Main Action
Deltoids
In the upper part of the body, covering the shoulders.
Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders.
Biceps
At the top of each arm at the front.
Bend the arms at the elbows.
At the top of each leg at the front.
Quadriceps
Straighten the legs at the knees.

15. Muscles and muscle action
Position in the body
Main Action
Pectorals
In the upper part of the chest at the front.
Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders.
Abdominals
At the front of the body in the middle, just below the chest.
Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward.

16. Muscles and muscle action
Antagonistic muscles
Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.
They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

17. Muscles and muscle action
Flexion (bending) of the arm
The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.
The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist.
Antagonist
(Triceps relax)
Agonist or Prime Mover
(Biceps contract)

18. Muscle vocab hypertrophy and atrophy Anabolic steroids
Lactic Acid .... Poison
Isotonic – muscle contraction resulting in limb movement
Isometric – muscle contraction resulting in increased tension
Strain muscles .... Sprained joints
RICE

19. Bones 1.2.5 Functions of skeleton
Support – Allows us to hold positions, standing up.
Movement – Allows activity.
Protection – Protects the vital organs, eg, brain, hearts, lung etc..

20. Bones
Bone forms part of our lean body mass, which relate to weight and can affect performance (Diet and Nutrition Year 10).
Bone determines size of body and length of limb, rugby players, gymnasts, high jumpers.
Bones influences Body Composition and can therefore influence participation and performance in Sport.
A joint – a place where 2 or more bones meet.

21. Joints, tendons and ligaments
A joint is:
“a place were two bones meet”
Joints allow use to move freely during everyday life and in sporting activities
Without them our movement would be restricted
E.g. joints in our fingers allow us to grip (a racket, ball etc)

22. Joints, tendons and ligaments
You need to now the different types of joint
Ball and socket (shoulder)
Synovial hinge joint (knee)

23. Joints, tendons and ligaments
Joint movements
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Rotation