1. 1 What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition) Prologue PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2012

2. 2 Prologue: The Story of Psychology

3. Student’s will be able to: Define Psychology Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do Name key psychologist in its history Describe where Psychology came from List the Major Modern Perspectives List the types of degrees needed in psych Explain how to be a better psych student 3

4. 4 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots  Prescientific Psychology  Psychological Science is Born  Psychological Science Develops

5. 5 Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology  Psychology’s Big Debate  Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis  Psychology’s Subfields

6. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

7. Psychology is: The scientific study of _____ and _____processes

8. _____ = The study of ______ come from the Latin Psyche meaning the _______ Psychology

9. Psychology attempts to answer the following questions: Why do I do the things that I do? _________? 9

10. Behavior vs. Cognitive Cognitive Cannot normally be seen Cognitive means ______ It is any mental activity For example: dreaming perception __________ judgments planning Behavior Can be seen Something that can be ________ i.e. Pushups kissing _______ playing football 10

11. Pre-Scientific Psychology 11

12. 12 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.

13. 13 Prescientific Psychology Confucius (551-479 B.C.) In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind. home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg

14. 14 Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body. www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg

15. 15 Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. Socrates Plato http://www.law.umkc.edu

16. 16 Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. http://faculty.washington.edu

17. Aristotle Wrote the ____ book about psychology called Peri Psyches Greek: “_______” The Greek letter ___ Is the symbol of Modern Psychology. 17

18. 18 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. http://www.spacerad.com http://ocw.mit.edu

19. 19 Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. http://www.iep.utm.edu

20. 20 Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg

21. 21 Prescientific Psychology Mind and body are connected Mind and body are distinct The HebrewsSocrates AristotlePlato AugustineDescartes What is the relation of mind to the body?

22. 22 Prescientific Psychology Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank slate SocratesAristotle PlatoLocke How are ideas formed?

23. Historical Perspectives 23 Where did Psychology come from?

24. Modern Scientific Psychology You should know the differences between: _________ = Why? Physiology = Science of _________ Psychology = What Causes ________? 24

25. 25 Psychological Science is Born __________ Wundt and _______ studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927)

26. Wilhelm Wundt Made the first ________ ________ EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. A student of his named G. Stanley ___ made the first Psych lab in the United States at Johns _____ University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after Wundt’s. 26

27. G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Started 1 st laboratory in ___ Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to visit USA Translated Freud’s work into English 1 st President of the _____ Founded American Journal of Psychology Studied adolescence and childhood Promoted the study of educational psychology Earliest study of the differences between men and women

28. 28 Psychological Science is Born _________ Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins

29. William James Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in _____ called _______ of Psychology. James was a professor of Psychology at _______ University. Much of what was in his book still holds true today! 29

30. Gestalt Psychology A theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Counters attempts to believe one can break down the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if we were machines. The idea that we tend to see the “Big Picture”, the forest instead of individual trees. Experience is always more than the sum of its parts Gestalt means _________or ________. What do you see?

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34. The _____ is greater than the sum of its _____! 34

35. 35 Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. Freud (1856-1939)

36. Sigmund Freud Austrian Neurologist (1856-1938) Invented Psychoanalysis the “talking cure” Unconscious mind _____ Interpretation Importance of early childhood experiences Theory of personality (Id, ego, superego) Defense mechanisms such as repression, displacement ______ conflict Time Magazine voted him the 2 nd Most Influential Person in 20 th Century

37. Sigmund Freud Medical Doctor of Neurology. “__________ of the Mind”. Founded: Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach Dream Analysis Free Association(the “_____ _____”) The ____________ Mind And lots more… 37

39. 39 Psychological Science Develops ____________ Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Watson (1878-1958) Skinner (1904-1990)

40. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Brilliant Russian Scientist Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for study of the digestive system Contribution to Psychology Concept of the “Conditioned Response” Classical __________ (learning by association) Famous for his experiments with dogs illustrating the effects of conditioning

41. Who is conditioning whom?

42. John B. Watson and Behaviorism He believed it is _________ to study consciousness. ______: the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of ______ behavior

43. Little Albert – Where is he now? Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the child feared all things white and furry (generalization)

44. B.F. Skinner American Psychologist (1904-1990) Pioneered “_______Conditioning” which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards & punishment) Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”, everything we do, think and say is the result of conditioning Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study the learning process and measure simple behaviors in laboratory animals called a “_______Box”

45. Skinner Boxes Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings.

46. 46 Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology _____________ and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and _______. Maslow (1908-1970) Rogers (1902-1987) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu http://www.carlrogers.dk

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48. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

49. 49 Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of _____ (what we do) and ______ processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

50. The GOALS of Psychology Observe _____ Explain Predict _____

51. What do we mean by control? This means to _____ something for a better outcome. This is not an ____ intent To make things _____ 51

52. American Psychological Association (Founded 1892) Professional organization for Psychologists Over 150,000 members Sets ethical guidelines for _____ Lobbies for mental health and psychological issues ______colleges that have psychology programs Provides conferences, meetings and annual convention on psychological topics Encourages scientific research in psychology Headquarters in Washington D.C.

53. 53 Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin (1809-1882)

54. _____ versus Experience Am I the way I am because I was born that way or because of my _________? Nature vs. Nurture Can I ever be like these people, or does nature give me limitations?

55. Stability v. Change As the years pass, do we change or remain the _____? Are we become adults or are we always just big kids? Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of humor, tastes, etc…

56. Continuity v. Discontinuity Does growth occur ______ or in _____?

57. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES

58. What is a perspective? A point of _____ A philosophy about why things occur A different way of ______ at something Normally cooperative not antagonistic Most psychologists take an _____ approach: a little bit of all the approaches depending on the patient and situation

59. 59 Biopsychosocial: Psychology’s ____ Main Levels of _____

60. Perspectives in Psychology a.k.a Approaches or Theoretical Perspectives Biological or Neuroscientific Psychoanalytic (________) Behavioral/Learning Cognitive _____________ Humanistic Evolutionary

61. Biological Perspectives Emphasizes the influence of biology on our behavior activity of brain cells, and ______ and ______processes Looks for the connections between events in the brain with behavior BRAIN CELL

62. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Stresses the influence of _________ forces on human behavior

63. The Learning Perspective Emphasizes the effects of experience on behavior. Personal experience and ________ guide individual development

64. Social-Learning Behavior Suggests that people can change their environments or create new ones People can learn intentionally by _________ others

65. Cognitive Perspective Emphasizes the role played by ______ and perceptions in determining behavior Studies _____ processes to understand human nature

66. Socio-cultural Perspective Addresses issues such as _____, _____, culture, and _____ status Based on the idea that these facts have significant impact on human behavior and mental processes

67. Humanistic Perspective Stresses the human capacity for _____ and the importance of consciousness, self- awareness, and the capacity to make _____ Considers people’s personal _______ to be the most important aspect of psychology

68. The Evolutionary Perspective Looks at how our behaviors ensures our _______. What genes are inherited that influence our species. Focuses on _________. i.e. Facial Expressions: Surprise!

69. 69 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions NeuroscienceHow the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? EvolutionaryHow the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior geneticsHow much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?

70. 70 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions PsychodynamicHow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? BehavioralHow we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?

71. 71 Psychology’s Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions CognitiveHow we encode, process, store and retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-culturalHow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?

72. The Subfields of Psychology What do Psychologists do? 72

73. Jobs Psychologists do ______ Counseling School Educational Developmental Industrial/ Organizational Personality Social Forensic Environmental _________ Health Research/ Experimental 73

74. 74 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

75. 75 Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

76. 76 Psychology’s Subfields: Applied PsychologistWhat she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

77. 77 Psychology’s Subfields: Research PsychologistWhat she does Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another.

78. 78 A _______(Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. _______ on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

79. NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH A PSYCHIATRIST!! A PSYCHIATRIST is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems & who can _____ medication for clients. Psychologists _______ prescribe medication! VALIUM (A DRUG FOR TREATING ANXIET)

80. What Degree Do I Need? College Degrees 80

81. Bachelor of Arts / Science A BA or BS in Psychology on the ______ level is one of the fastest growing and popular majors A very diverse discipline that is a good background for any career. 81

82. Master of Arts / Science To be a clinical psychologist or _______ you must obtain a Master’s. Requires Master’s thesis w/ research. The academic hood is shown to the right. 82

83. Doctorate: PhD or Psy D PhD is more for teaching in college. PhD is a approximately 3- 4 years of school and research w/ ________. PsyD is for _____ practice. 83

84. Graduate Degrees You don’t go get a grad degree from anywhere because of the _____ or name recognition of the school. You look at the research being done and the facilities/program provided. Is the professor on the cutting edge of ____ on the topic you want to study??? 84

85. Other Profession Grad Degrees M.D. = Medical Doctor J.D. = Juris Doctorate (Law) M.S. = Master of Social Work M.T. = Master of Teaching MBA = Master of Business Admin MFA = Master of Fine Arts MTh = Master of Theology Pharm D = Doctor of Pharmacology 85

86. Degree Summary To work in the field of psychology you will probably need to obtain at least a master’s degree. You will need ____ years of schooling and training, as well as a profession license from the state. 86

87. How to be the best AP Psychology student that you can be… the following slide give some study tips 87

88. 88  Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads.  Question: Ask questions. Make notes.  Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety.  Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes.  Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes. Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R)

89. 89  _______ your time.  Listen _____ in class.  ______.  Be a smart test-taker. Close-up Additional Study Hints