1. What is soil? A dynamically and continuously changing, mixture of inorganic, living and dead organic materials, that sustains physical, chemical and biological functions while providing resources to the living nature.

2. Genesis of soils 1.) physical weathering of rock  temperature  water 2.) chemical weathering  nutrients 3.) biological processes  biological weathering

3. Functions of soil biomass archeology modulation biotope source medium

4. Soil characteristics - physical compositionsolid pore gas liquid - pore contentclayey sand 35% peat 80% garden soil 60% - permeability - organic material

5. 3 phase2 phase soil particles liquid gas soil particles liquid/gas pore

6. - water types pore water capillary waterclay 1-2m sand 20-30cm sorbed water - temperature – neutral zone - albedo plow – 0.17 plain surface – 0.3 snow – 0.7 - mineral content

7. Soil degradation 1.) erosion (water/wind) natural causes: anthropogenic: remedy: heavy rain, steep slopes, impermeable soil strong wind, dry soil, lack of vegetation land abuse, deforestation terracing, vegetation, alteration of soil structure, shelter belts

8. 2.) acidification natural causes: anthropogenic: remedy: lack of calcium breakdown of vegetation (CO 2 ) fertilizers (H + ), acid rain no unnecessary fertilizer, lime addition

9. 3.) salinization natural causes: anthropogenic: remedy: bad drainage irrigation, raising groundwater level salt content control in irrigation water, groundwater level control, chemical methods (ion change)

10. 4.) mechanical degradation (compaction) natural causes: anthropogenic: remedy: bad structure, lack of organisms in the soil agricultural vehicles, bad water management agro-techniques

11. 5.) bad water household natural causes: remedy: climate (regional or microclimate) soil structure irrigation, channel inland inundation, catchment area control

12. Pollution source deposition (air/water) background agriculture industry/mining traffic landfills reduction gas/dust emission food chain seepage in groundwater physical/chemical/biological breakdown immobilization

13. Actions to take 1. previous land use 2. test holes 3. determination of pollutants 4. extent of pollution 5. prevent further spread 6. enclose or deck, if necessary 7. elimination

14. consider:bedding (layering) groundwater questions:where (density) depth disturbed/undisturbed sample change in gw level direction of gw flow

15. pollutanttype of dangerlanduse heavy metals, organic pollutants ingestiongarden, recreation area, playground cadmium, leadbioaccumulationgarden sulfates, copper, nickel, zinc, methane plant poisonagricultural land sulfates, chlorides, phenol, oil corrosioninbuilt areas methane, sulphur, inflammable material danger of fire and explosion inbuilt areas PAC, asbestos, radioactive material contactinbuilt areas phenol, cyanide, sulphate water pollutiongroundwater, surface water

16. Extent borehole

17. Isolation 1. Isolating wall2. Depression 3. Water intrusion well wall well

18. Elimination EX SITU soil exchange, deposition soil washing (chemicals) chemical extraction immobilization dehalogenization oxidation - reduction gas suction IN SITU pore gas suction thermal treatment soil washing (chemicals) pneumatic decompaction immobilization vitrification biodegradation bioventillation