1. Diseases of the Digestive System
Dr. Jim Whitfield, Ph.D.

2. Digestive System Overview
As you have learned the digestive system is the hollow tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Its purpose is to ingest food, digest the food into its nutrient components, allow for absorption of those nutrients and the excretion of waste products

3. Digestive System Overview
As you have learned the digestive system is the hollow tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. Its purpose is to ingest food, digest the food into its nutrient components, allow for absorption of those nutrients and the excretion of waste products
The digestive system is composed of the organs of digestion and the accessory organs of digestion.

4. Digestive System Overview
The organs of digestion include those organs that come into direct contact with the food (teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum)

5. Digestive System Overview
The organs of digestion include those organs that come into direct contact with the food, they include the teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum
The organs of digestion also include the accessory organs. These are organs that are vital to digestion but do not actually contact the food, they include the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder

6. Digestive System Overview
Ideally all of these organs function normally and digestion occurs without issue and the person does not find themselves in a diseased state

7. Digestive System Overview
Ideally all of these organs function normally and digestion occurs without issue and the person does not find themselves in a diseased state
However

8. Digestive System Overview
Ideally all of these organs function normally and digestion occurs without issue and the person does not find themselves in a diseased state
However
As you know many people suffer from a wide variety of gastrointestinal issues. These diseases can range from causing mild discomfort through debilitating and potentially deadly outcomes

9. Digestive System Overview
Ideally all of these organs function normally and digestion occurs without issue and the person does not find themselves in a diseased state
However
As you know many people suffer from a wide variety of gastrointestinal issues. These diseases can range from causing mild discomfort through debilitating and potentially deadly outcomes
Today we will look at a variety of these conditions

10. Diseases of the Digestive System
Pathology comes from the Greek meaning to “encounter or experience suffering” in modern terms it has come to mean the “Study of the disease process”

11. Diseases of the Digestive System
Pathology comes from the Greek meaning to “encounter or experience suffering” in modern terms it has come to mean the “Study of the disease process”
My Ph.D. is in Pathology. I worked for many years studying illness in people as well as what they died from. My particular area of study were those diseases that effected cartilage and bone

12. Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis happens when pouches (diverticula form in the wall of the colon. If these pouches get inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Diverticulitis can be very painful.

13. Diverticulosis
Doctors aren't sure what causes diverticula in the colon (diverticulosis). But they think that a low-fiber diet may play a role. Without fiber to add bulk to the stool, the colon has to work harder than normal to push the stool forward. The pressure from this may cause pouches to form in weak spots along the colon.

14. Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis happens when feces get trapped in the pouches (diverticula). This allows bacteria to grow in the pouches. This can lead to inflammation or infection. This inflammation can potentially lead to a rupture of the colon which can be very serious

15. Diverticulitis Diverticulitis is VERY painful it includes terrible
stomach cramps along with a combination of
vomiting and diarrhea. Unless a rupture occurs
it can be treated with antibiotics

16. Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss.

17. Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss.
Crohn's disease is caused by a combination of environmental, immune and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. It results in a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body's immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract

18. Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss.
Crohn's disease is caused by a combination of environmental, immune and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. It results in a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body's immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract
There are no medications or surgical procedures that can cure Crohn's disease.

19. Crohn’s Disease
20% of all individuals with Crohns’s disease will need surgery to remove the abscesses that occur in the colon

20. Crohn’s Disease
20% of all individuals with Crohns’s disease will need surgery to remove the abscesses that occur in the colon
Crohn's has a genetic component. Because of this, siblings of known people with Crohn's are 30 times more likely to develop Crohn's than the general population.

21. Crohn’s Disease
80% of all individuals with Crohns’s disease will need surgery to remove the abscesses that occur in the colon
Crohn's has a genetic component. Because of this, siblings of known people with Crohn's are 30 times more likely to develop Crohn's than the general population.
While the exact cause is unknown, Crohn's disease seems to be due to a combination of environmental factors (smoking) and genetic predisposition (at least 4 different DNA mutations)

22. Crohn’s Disease

23. Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that can occur in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

24. Celiac Disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that can occur in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
Celiac disease is caused by a reaction to gluten protein found in wheat, rye and barley. An enzyme modifies the protein causing it to react with the intestinal lining causing a chronic inflammatory disorder that destroys the villi of the small intestine

25. Celiac Disease
The destruction of the villi of the small intestine dramatically impacts an individuals ability to absorb nutrients, particularly carbohydrates and proteins causing weight loss, fatigue, anemia, abnormal blood clotting and osteoporosis

26. Celiac Disease
The destruction of the villi of the small intestine dramatically impacts an individuals ability to absorb nutrients, particularly carbohydrates and proteins causing weight loss, fatigue, anemia, abnormal blood clotting and osteoporosis
There is no cure for celiac disease. The only treatment is a lifelong avoidance of products that contain gluten

27. Note the stunting of the
Villi in individuals with
celiac disease

28. Colon Polyps
Colon polyps are growths in your large intestine (colon) . The cause of most colon polyps is not known, but they are common in adults. Over time, some polyps can turn into colon cancer. It usually takes many years for that to happen.

29. Colonoscopy – Using a flexible camera the doctors is able to look at
the colon from the rectum up to the ileocecal junction and examine
the patient for for precancerous polyps and colon cancer. It is
recommended that you get for first colonoscopy at 50 years of age

31. Small and large non-cancerous polyps

32. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus

33. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus
GERD is usually caused by changes in the barrier between the stomach and the esophagus, including abnormal relaxation of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach, which normally holds the top of the stomach closed, impaired expulsion of gastric reflux from the esophagus, or a hiatal hernia. These changes may be permanent or temporary.

34. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is often referred to as heartburn. However, the typical acid reflux we associated as heartburn is usually much milder than GERD. GERD can cause chronic damage to the esophagus and increases the patients chances of developing esophageal cancer

35. The X-ray show test material that has left the stomach and entered
into the esophagus (arrow) The upper right picture show the normal lower
Portion of the esophagus. The lower right pictures show the entrance
narrowed do to chronic inflammation with exposure to stomach acid

36. Hiatal Hernia
The entrance of an organ, typically the stomach, through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.

37. Hiatal Hernia and numerous
stomach ruggae

38. Diabetes and Insulin & Glucagon Regulation
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood glucose levels over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms of high blood glucose include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many complications including kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, eye damage, ulceration of the feet, stroke and death

39. Diabetes and Insulin & Glucagon Regulation
Secretion of insulin and glucagon, the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels, is controlled by the pancreas. The pancreas serves as part of both the endocrine system as well as the digestive system. Insulin and glucagon regulation is an endocrine function

40. The Islets of Langerhans
The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells found within the larger body of the pancreas. They contain four distinct cell types. However, only two are important in diabetes

41. The Islets of Langerhans
The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells found within the larger body of the pancreas. They contain four distinct cell types. However, only two are important in diabetes
Alpha cells secrete glucagon when blood sugar is low (before lunch) this causes the liver to break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood stream

42. The Islets of Langerhans
The Beta cells release Insulin when blood glucose is high (after lunch). Insulin causes liver, muscle and fat cells to take up excess glucose from the blood

43. The Islets of Langerhans
The Beta cells release Insulin when blood glucose is high (after lunch). Insulin causes liver, muscle and fat cells to take up excess glucose from the blood
People with diabetes either do not make insulin (Type I or Juvenile diabetes) of their tissues do not respond to the insulin (Type II, Adult Onset) usually caused by obesity. A third type gestational diabetes affects some pregnant women who who put on a lot of weight rapidly

44. Histology of the pancreas showing the endocrine portion (Islets of Langerhans)
as well as the exocrine portions responsible for digestion via the secretion
of pancreatic lipase

45. Regulation of blood glucose by
Insulin and glucagon

46. Giant hair ball removed from girls stomach as a result of Trichotillomania!
Thank You!!