1. Interstellar Travel ASTR 1420 Lecture 24 Sections 13.1 & 13.2

2. Four spacecrafts flying away from the Sun

3. Pioneer 10 Launched on March 1972 (moving away from the Sun at 12.2 km/sec) Launched on March 1972 (moving away from the Sun at 12.2 km/sec) now at ~28 light minutes away!

4. will take ~120,000 years to the nearest star (if it were aimed directly at it). Scenes from Earth

5. Rockets = Newton’s 3 rd Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite re-action! For every action, there is an equal and opposite re-action! Exhaust Flow pushed backward Engine (and rocket) being pushed forward

6. Tyranny of Distance  the largest rocket ever built (Saturn V; used in the Apollo mission) ?? If we build a larger version of this rocket, can our descendants travel among the stars? No!

7. Chemical Rockets are limited by Mass ratio Need to accelerate fuel also!  Mass ratio Need to accelerate fuel also!  Mass ratio o mass ratio = weight of a rocket with fuel / without Current technology o To escape from Earth: mass ratio = 39 o Best single-stage rocket: mass ratio < 15 Multi-staged rockets Multi-staged rockets o Necessary, and used, to leave Earth, or even for intercontinental ballistic missiles o Interstellar travel: impractical, hundreds to thousands of stages required Even with the most powerful hypothetical rocket engine with 100 stages  achieve 0.001c  takes 4,000 yrs to the nearest star!

8. Space Elevator SpaceElevator Competition ($1M USD) SpaceElevator Competition ($1M USD) Can reduce (by x100) the cost of sending material to space!

9. How about different types of rockets?

10. Nuclear Rockets o Advantage: higher energy/mass ratio of nuclear reactions o Disadvantage: difficult controlled use, especially fusion o Maximum speed: ~ 0.1c, Project Rover (1955-1972) Project Rover (1955-1972) o Fission rocket o Achieved speeds 2  3 times those of chemical rockets o Application: manned mission to Mars, since abandoned Nuclear Thermal Rocket Engine 1 st ground experimental nuclear rocket engine Dec 1, 1967

11. Project Orion Explode H bombs behind the spaceship and let the shock waves propel the spaceship Explode H bombs behind the spaceship and let the shock waves propel the spaceship Too expensive, also violates “ban on nuclear explosions in space” Too expensive, also violates “ban on nuclear explosions in space”

12. Project Daedalus Use pellets of 2 H and 3 He, ignited by an electron beam from the spacecraft UK plan to reach Barnard’s star (5.9 Lyrs away) Construction in the Earth orbit

13. Ion Engine Using heavy noble gas (e.g., Xe, Ar, etc.) as fuel gas. Using heavy noble gas (e.g., Xe, Ar, etc.) as fuel gas. Ionize them by shooting electrons on them Ionize them by shooting electrons on them Ions are accelerated by specially designed electric acceleration grid. Ions are accelerated by specially designed electric acceleration grid. accumulated electrons are dumped outside. accumulated electrons are dumped outside.

14. Ion Engine Continuous firing…but weak thrust! Continuous firing…but weak thrust! Need to be free from other ions… Need to be free from other ions… In vacuum. Much more efficient! In vacuum. Much more efficient! Already used by NASA (1998, Deep Space 1) and ESA (2004, SMART-1, lunar orbiter). Already used by NASA (1998, Deep Space 1) and ESA (2004, SMART-1, lunar orbiter). Picture of the Deep Space 1’s ion engine. weak thrust but continuous firing for long, long time!

15. Solar wind only reaches 0.003c, need to use sunlight  decreasing sunlight with distance causes a challenge. Solar Sailing Planetary Society - Cosmos 1 June 21, 2005, launched on Volna rocket from a Russian submarine. Failed to reach orbit. privately funded project.

16. Solar Sail feasible? 10-ton payload, sail 1000 km x 1000 km in size  maximum speed is then only 0.04 c. 10-ton payload, sail 1000 km x 1000 km in size  maximum speed is then only 0.04 c. It would take roughly 75 years to get the nearest star (3 Ly away; ignoring deceleration & stopping) It would take roughly 75 years to get the nearest star (3 Ly away; ignoring deceleration & stopping) Oops! The SAIL ALSO has mass! Oops! The SAIL ALSO has mass! A 1000 km x 1000 km. A gold leaf sail 1 atom thick (a real sail would have to be much thicker) would have a mass of 170 tons (it effectively becomes the payload), and so the top speed is 0.009 c. Now it takes over 300 years to get anywhere! A 1000 km x 1000 km. A gold leaf sail 1 atom thick (a real sail would have to be much thicker) would have a mass of 170 tons (it effectively becomes the payload), and so the top speed is 0.009 c. Now it takes over 300 years to get anywhere! Continuous powering up the sail from Earth by using a focused laser is too expensive. Return trip? How to stop? Continuous powering up the sail from Earth by using a focused laser is too expensive. Return trip? How to stop?

17. Interstellar Ramjets Accelerating fuel is a problem. Then, what about collecting fuel on the way? Accelerating fuel is a problem. Then, what about collecting fuel on the way? Ramjets Ramjets o Collect Hydrogen from the interstellar medium and fuse it (magnetic funnel for fuel collector). o Need a scoop that is hundreds of kilometer wide  Spaceship the size of worlds

18. Antimatter rocket (hypothetical) Antimatter Antimatter o Exists: all matter has antimatter o Matter  antimatter annihilation: all mass released as  rays (100% efficiency!) (E=mc 2, only <0.7% of mass change to E in nuclear reactions) o Problem: controlled storage Edward Purcell : Imaginary antimatter rocketship with 100% engine efficiency… Edward Purcell : Imaginary antimatter rocketship with 100% engine efficiency… o maximum speed of 0.99c  but still requires 14 time more mass in fuel than the payload. o if we want to stop at the designation  14 times more fuel to stop  14×14 = 196 times more fuel o for a round trip at 0.99c speed  196x196 more fuel  ~40,000 than the mass of the payload!! Even with a hypothetical antimatter rocket, interstellar travel is very difficult!

19. Speed Limit Einstein’s special theory of relativity: Einstein’s special theory of relativity: For anything with a mass  impossible to travel faster than the speed of light Even at the speed of light, the nearest star is α Centauri at 4.4 light-years away. Even at the speed of light, the nearest star is α Centauri at 4.4 light-years away.  fastest round trip takes still 8.8 years!  trip across the Galaxy takes 100,000 years! Could it be that Einstein’s theory is wrong and that we will someday find a way to break the cosmic speed limit? Could it be that Einstein’s theory is wrong and that we will someday find a way to break the cosmic speed limit? Highly Unlikely!  possible that a more comprehensive theory in the future may replace Einstein’s relativity theory, but such one will be inclusive of many verified results including the speed of light barrier.

20. Travel Time at high speed Time dilation Time dilation time is different for high- speed travelers than for people stay at home time runs slower at high speed!

21. A spacecraft traveling at 0.1c hit by an 1-mm grain (mass of 0.012 grams) A spacecraft traveling at 0.1c hit by an 1-mm grain (mass of 0.012 grams)  Same energy as a 1-ton object hitting at Mach9.5 (7,000 mi/hr)!! HAZARD of interstellar flight Unless there is a way to screen out all interstellar dust, the spacecraft will be easily destroyed! Additional Energy requirement!! imaginary spaceship with a plasma shield

22. Interstellar Arks OK, fast traveling is challenging. How about slow traveling over long time? Hibernation Hibernation o How do we put people to sleep?  hibernation gene? o How do we wake them up? Long life: Long life: o Pure speculation o Robotic mission would be simpler Multi-generational: Multi-generational: o Perseverance in the mission and/or infighting o Loss of expertise

23. Human hibernation?? A Swedish man, Peter Skyllberg age 44, survived in a snow-trapped car for 2 months! A Swedish man, Peter Skyllberg age 44, survived in a snow-trapped car for 2 months! Experts believe that he might have been in a kind of human hibernation. Experts believe that he might have been in a kind of human hibernation. Feb, 2012 2 months at -30°C

24. Simulated long-term space journey Nov 11, 2011 -- Six members of Russian Mars500 simulator stepping out of the windowless capsule after 520 days. Nov 11, 2011 -- Six members of Russian Mars500 simulator stepping out of the windowless capsule after 520 days. simulated the confinement, stress, weightlessness, and fatigue of interplanetary travel. simulated the confinement, stress, weightlessness, and fatigue of interplanetary travel. long confinement put the team members under stress as they grew increasingly tired of each other's company. long confinement put the team members under stress as they grew increasingly tired of each other's company.

25. Energy use of an Interstellar Ark Velocity for interstellar travel Velocity for interstellar travel o Escape velocity from Earth: 11 km/s o Travel velocity, say 0.001c = 300 km/s, dominates energy requirement Kinetic energy Kinetic energy o Mass: say 10 8 kg (10 5 ton) for 5,000 people o = 9 x 10 18 Joules = 2.5 x 10 12 kW hr o 1% of the world annual energy consumption o 250 billion dollars (@ $0.10/kW hr) o 1/5 of US GDP o Add cost of provisions, energy efficiency, deceleration!

26. Hyperspace and Wormholes Hyperspace Hyperspace o General theory of relativity (1916): space is warped by gravity Wormholes Wormholes o Rotating black holes connect to another flat space o Other flat space may connect to ours somewhere, but may be not o We will know only after we go through the wormhole o Stellar black holes: have too strong a tidal force, which would rip us apart o Massive black holes: only known in galactic nuclei, have to get there

27. In summary… Important Concepts Need to accelerate fuel also Advantage of in-orbit launch Various rocket types and their pros and cons Speed limit and time dilation Difficulties of high speed space travel Difficulties of low speed space travel Important Terms Mass ratio Chapter/sections covered in this lecture : 13.1 & 13.2 Terra-forming and Colonization : next class!